凍結

See also: 冻结

Chinese

		to freeze	to form; to congeal
trad. (凍結)		凍	結
simp. (冻结)		冻	结

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dòngjié

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄐㄧㄝˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dung³ git³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tung-kiet / tung-kiat
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): tòng-kiat

(Teochew, Peng'im): dong³ gag⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dòngjié
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄐㄧㄝˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dòngjié
  - Wade–Giles: tung⁴-chieh²
  - Yale: dùng-jyé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donqjye
  - Palladius: дунцзе (duncze)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: dung³ git³
  - Yale: dung git
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dung³ git⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: dung³ gid³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ³³ kiːt̚³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung-kiet
  - Hakka Romanization System: dung gied^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: dung⁴ giad⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵ ki̯et̚²/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung-kiat
  - Hakka Romanization System: dung giad^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: dung⁴ giad⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵ ki̯at̚²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tòng-kiat
  - Tâi-lô: tòng-kiat
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dorngkiad
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /tɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kiɛt̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiɛt̚⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kiɛt̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /tɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ kiɛt̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ kiɛt̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dong³ gag⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tòng kak
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /toŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kak̚²/

Verb

凍結

to freeze
(figuratively) to block; to freeze (assets, accounts, personnel, etc.)
凍結資產／冻结资产 ― dòngjié zīchǎn ― to freeze assets

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “to freeze”): 解凍／解冻 (jiědòng)
(antonym(s) of “to block”): 解凍／解冻 (jiědòng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
凍	結
とう Grade: S	けつ Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) とーけつ [tòókétsú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [to̞ːke̞t͡sɨ]

Noun

凍(とう)結(けつ) • (tōketsu)

freezing
(finance) freezing
(computing, uncommon) compression of an archive
Synonym: 圧縮 (asshuku)

Antonyms: 解凍 (kaitō), 展開 (tenkai)
(Internet) suspension of an account (usually on Twitter)

Verb

凍(とう)結(けつ)する • (tōketsu suru) suru (stem 凍(とう)結(けつ)し (tōketsu shi), past 凍(とう)結(けつ)した (tōketsu shita))

to freeze
(finance) to freeze
米国(べいこく)内(ない)の資産(しさん)を凍結(とうけつ)する
Beikoku-nai no shisan o tōketsu suru
to freeze assets located in the United States
(computing, uncommon) to compress an archive
Synonym: 圧縮する (asshuku suru)

Antonyms: 解凍する (kaitō suru), 展開する (tenkai suru)
(Internet) to suspend an account (usually on Twitter)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "凍結する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	凍結し	とうけつし	tōketsu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	凍結し	とうけつし	tōketsu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	凍結する	とうけつする	tōketsu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	凍結する	とうけつする	tōketsu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	凍結すれ	とうけつすれ	tōketsu sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	凍結せよ¹ 凍結しろ²	とうけつせよ¹ とうけつしろ²	tōketsu seyo¹ tōketsu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	凍結される	とうけつされる	tōketsu sareru
Causative	凍結させる凍結さす	とうけつさせるとうけつさす	tōketsu saseru tōketsu sasu
Potential	凍結できる	とうけつできる	tōketsu dekiru
Volitional	凍結しよう	とうけつしよう	tōketsu shiyō
Negative	凍結しない	とうけつしない	tōketsu shinai
Negative continuative	凍結せず	とうけつせず	tōketsu sezu
Formal	凍結します	とうけつします	tōketsu shimasu
Perfective	凍結した	とうけつした	tōketsu shita
Conjunctive	凍結して	とうけつして	tōketsu shite
Hypothetical conditional	凍結すれば	とうけつすれば	tōketsu sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“凍結”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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