傾く

See also: 傾ぐ

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
傾
かたむ
Grade: S
kun'yomi

/katabuku/ → /katamuku/

Shift from katabuku (see Etymology 2), the medial /-b-/ loses plosive and becomes a nasal /-m-/.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) かたむく [kàtámúꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [3])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ka̠ta̠mɯ̟kɯ̟]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 傾く
Plain 傾く かたむく [kàtámúꜜkù]
Conjunctive 傾いて かたむいて [kàtámúꜜìtè]
Perfective 傾いた かたむいた [kàtámúꜜìtà]
Negative 傾かない かたむかない [kàtámúkáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 傾かなかった かたむかなかった [kàtámúkáꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 傾けば かたむけば [kàtámúꜜkèbà]
Past conditional 傾いたら かたむいたら [kàtámúꜜìtàrà]
Imperative 傾け かたむけ [kàtámúꜜkè]
Volitional 傾こう かたむこー [kàtámúkóꜜò]
Desiderative 傾きたい かたむきたい [kàtámúkítáꜜì]
Formal 傾きます かたむきます [kàtámúkímáꜜsù]
Formal negative 傾きません かたむきません [kàtámúkímáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 傾きましょう かたむきましょー [kàtámúkímáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 傾きました かたむきました [kàtámúkímáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 傾き
傾きに 		かたむき
かたむきに 		[kàtámúꜜkì]
[kàtámúꜜkì nì]
Negative continuative 傾かず
傾かずに 		かたむかず
かたむかずに 		[kàtámúkáꜜzù]
[kàtámúkáꜜzù nì]
Passive 傾かれる かたむかれる [kàtámúkáréꜜrù]
Causative 傾かせる
傾かす 		かたむかせる
かたむかす 		[kàtámúkáséꜜrù]
[kàtámúkáꜜsù]
Potential 傾ける かたむける [kàtámúkéꜜrù]

Verb

傾(かたむ)く • (katamuku) intransitive godan (stem 傾(かたむ)き (katamuki), past 傾(かたむ)いた (katamuita))

Japanese verb pair
active 傾(かたむ)ける
mediopassive 傾(かたむ)く
  1. to tilt, lean, incline
    Synonyms: 傾ぐ (katagu); 偏る, 片寄る (katayoru)
  2. to favor
  3. to wane
  4. to lose force, power, or momentum (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
  5. to set in the west, setting of the sun or moon
    太陽(たいよう)が傾(かたむ)く
    taiyō ga katamuku
    the sun sets
Conjugation
Conjugation of "傾く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 傾か かたむか katamuka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 傾き かたむき katamuki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 傾く かたむく katamuku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 傾く かたむく katamuku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 傾け かたむけ katamuke
Meireikei ("imperative") 傾け かたむけ katamuke
Key constructions
Passive 傾かれる かたむかれる katamukareru
Causative 傾かせる
傾かす 		かたむかせる
かたむかす 		katamukaseru
katamukasu
Potential 傾ける かたむける katamukeru
Volitional 傾こう かたむこう katamukō
Negative 傾かない かたむかない katamukanai
Negative continuative 傾かず かたむかず katamukazu
Formal 傾きます かたむきます katamukimasu
Perfective 傾いた かたむいた katamuita
Conjunctive 傾いて かたむいて katamuite
Hypothetical conditional 傾けば かたむけば katamukeba
Classical conjugation of "傾く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 傾か かたむか katamuka
Continuative (連用形) 傾き かたむき katamuki
Terminal (終止形) 傾く かたむく katamuku
Attributive (連体形) 傾く かたむく katamuku
Realis (已然形) 傾け かたむけ katamuke
Imperative (命令形) 傾け かたむけ katamuke
Key constructions
Negative 傾かず かたむかず katamukazu
Contrasting conjunction 傾けど かたむけど katamukedo
Causal conjunction 傾けば かたむけば katamukeba
Conditional conjunction 傾かば かたむかば katamukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 傾きき かたむきき katamukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 傾きけり かたむきけり katamukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 傾きつ かたむきつ katamukitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 傾きぬ かたむきぬ katamukinu
Perfect-continuative tense 傾けり
傾きたり		 かたむけり
かたむきたり		 katamukeri
katamukitari
Volitional 傾かむ かたむかむ katamukamu
Derived terms
  • 傾(かたむ)き (katamuki)
  • 傾(かたむ)ける (katamukeru)
  • 傾(かたむき)山(やま) (Katamuki-yama)
Idioms
  • 気持(きも)ちが傾(かたむ)く (kimochi ga katamuku)
Proverbs
  • 哲婦(てっぷ)城(しろ)を傾(かたむ)く (teppu shiro o katamuku)
  • 一行(いっこう)失(しっ)すれば百行(はっこう)ともに傾(かたむ)く (ikkō shissureba hakkō tomo ni katamuku)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
傾
かたぶ
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) かたぶく [kàtábúꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [3])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ka̠ta̠bɯ̟kɯ̟]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 傾く
Plain 傾く かたぶく [kàtábúꜜkù]
Conjunctive 傾いて かたぶいて [kàtábúꜜìtè]
Perfective 傾いた かたぶいた [kàtábúꜜìtà]
Negative 傾かない かたぶかない [kàtábúkáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 傾かなかった かたぶかなかった [kàtábúkáꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 傾けば かたぶけば [kàtábúꜜkèbà]
Past conditional 傾いたら かたぶいたら [kàtábúꜜìtàrà]
Imperative 傾け かたぶけ [kàtábúꜜkè]
Volitional 傾こう かたぶこー [kàtábúkóꜜò]
Desiderative 傾きたい かたぶきたい [kàtábúkítáꜜì]
Formal 傾きます かたぶきます [kàtábúkímáꜜsù]
Formal negative 傾きません かたぶきません [kàtábúkímáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 傾きましょう かたぶきましょー [kàtábúkímáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 傾きました かたぶきました [kàtábúkímáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 傾き
傾きに 		かたぶき
かたぶきに 		[kàtábúꜜkì]
[kàtábúꜜkì nì]
Negative continuative 傾かず
傾かずに 		かたぶかず
かたぶかずに 		[kàtábúkáꜜzù]
[kàtábúkáꜜzù nì]
Passive 傾かれる かたぶかれる [kàtábúkáréꜜrù]
Causative 傾かせる
傾かす 		かたぶかせる
かたぶかす 		[kàtábúkáséꜜrù]
[kàtábúkáꜜsù]
Potential 傾ける かたぶける [kàtábúkéꜜrù]

Verb

傾(かたぶ)く • (katabuku) intransitive godan (stem 傾(かたぶ)き (katabuki), past 傾(かたぶ)いた (katabuita))

  1. (archaic) to tilt, lean
    日(ひ)の道(みち)や　葵(あふひ)傾(かたぶ)く　五(さ)月(つき)雨(あめ)
    hi no michi ya, aoi katabuku, satsuki-ame
    The sun's way: hollyhocks turn toward it through all the rain of May.[2]
    Synonym: 傾ぐ (katagu)
  2. (archaic) to think something strange or odd
  3. (archaic) to set in the west, said of the sun or moon
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 17, poem 3955:
      , text here
      奴婆多麻乃(ぬばたまの)欲波布氣奴良之(よはふけぬらし)多末久之氣(たまくしげ)敷多我美夜麻尓(ふたがみやまに)月(つき)加多夫伎奴(かたぶきぬ) [Man'yōgana]
      ぬばたまの夜(よ)は更(ふ)けぬらし玉(たま)櫛(くし)笥(げ)二上山(ふたがみやま)に月(つき)かたぶきぬ [Modern spelling]
      nubatama no yo wa fukenurashi tama-kushige futagami-yama ni tsuki katabukinu
      It seems that the night, [dark] as pitch-black jade, has deepened. The moon has declined over [Futagami] mountain.[3]
    • 1086, Goshūi Wakashū (book 12, poem 680; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 59)
      やすらはで寝(ね)なましものをさ夜(よ)更(ふ)けてかたぶくまでの月(つき)を見(み)しかな
      yasura wa de ne na mashi mono o sayo fukete katabuku made no tsuki o mishi kana
      I should not have waited. It would have been better to have slept and dreamed, than to have watched night pass, and this slow moon sink.[4]
  4. (archaic) to lose force, power, or momentum (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 106:
      意富美夜能(おほみやの)袁登都波多傳(をとつはたで)須美(すみ)加多夫祁理(かたぶけり) [Man'yōgana]
      大宮(おほみや)の彼(をと)つ端(はた)手(で)隅(すみ)傾(かたぶ)けり [Modern spelling]
      ōmiya no oto tsu hatade sumi katabukeri
      At the great palace yonder eaveline's comets are slumping to the ground.[5]
  5. to favor
  6. to blame; to criticize (US)/criticise (UK) (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    Synonym: 非難する (hinan suru)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "傾く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 傾か かたぶか katabuka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 傾き かたぶき katabuki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 傾く かたぶく katabuku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 傾く かたぶく katabuku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 傾け かたぶけ katabuke
Meireikei ("imperative") 傾け かたぶけ katabuke
Key constructions
Passive 傾かれる かたぶかれる katabukareru
Causative 傾かせる
傾かす 		かたぶかせる
かたぶかす 		katabukaseru
katabukasu
Potential 傾ける かたぶける katabukeru
Volitional 傾こう かたぶこう katabukō
Negative 傾かない かたぶかない katabukanai
Negative continuative 傾かず かたぶかず katabukazu
Formal 傾きます かたぶきます katabukimasu
Perfective 傾いた かたぶいた katabuita
Conjunctive 傾いて かたぶいて katabuite
Hypothetical conditional 傾けば かたぶけば katabukeba
Classical conjugation of "傾く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 傾か かたぶか katabuka
Continuative (連用形) 傾き かたぶき katabuki
Terminal (終止形) 傾く かたぶく katabuku
Attributive (連体形) 傾く かたぶく katabuku
Realis (已然形) 傾け かたぶけ katabuke
Imperative (命令形) 傾け かたぶけ katabuke
Key constructions
Negative 傾かず かたぶかず katabukazu
Contrasting conjunction 傾けど かたぶけど katabukedo
Causal conjunction 傾けば かたぶけば katabukeba
Conditional conjunction 傾かば かたぶかば katabukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 傾きき かたぶきき katabukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 傾きけり かたぶきけり katabukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 傾きつ かたぶきつ katabukitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 傾きぬ かたぶきぬ katabukinu
Perfect-continuative tense 傾けり
傾きたり		 かたぶけり
かたぶきたり		 katabukeri
katabukitari
Volitional 傾かむ かたぶかむ katabukamu
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
傾
かぶ
Grade: S
irregular

From 頭 (kabu, “head”) + く (-ku, verbal suffix).

The kanji is jukujikun (熟(じゅく)字(じ)訓(くん)), likely from the tilt sense. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Verb

傾(かぶ)く • (kabuku) intransitive godan (stem 傾(かぶ)き (kabuki), past 傾(かぶ)いた (kabuita))

  1. (archaic) to tilt one's head
  2. (archaic) to dress or act in a strange or eccentric way to attract one's attention
  3. (archaic) to perform kabuki
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "傾く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 傾か かぶか kabuka
Continuative (連用形) 傾き かぶき kabuki
Terminal (終止形) 傾く かぶく kabuku
Attributive (連体形) 傾く かぶく kabuku
Realis (已然形) 傾け かぶけ kabuke
Imperative (命令形) 傾け かぶけ kabuke
Key constructions
Negative 傾かず かぶかず kabukazu
Contrasting conjunction 傾けど かぶけど kabukedo
Causal conjunction 傾けば かぶけば kabukeba
Conditional conjunction 傾かば かぶかば kabukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 傾きき かぶきき kabukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 傾きけり かぶきけり kabukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 傾きつ かぶきつ kabukitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 傾きぬ かぶきぬ kabukinu
Perfect-continuative tense 傾けり
傾きたり		 かぶけり
かぶきたり		 kabukeri
kabukitari
Volitional 傾かむ かぶかむ kabukamu
Derived terms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Harold Gould Henderson (2012), Intro to Haiku: An Anthology of Poems and Poets from Basho to Shiki, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, →ISBN
  3. ^ Alexander Vovin (2015), Man’yōshū (Book 17): A New English Translation Containing the Original Text, Kana Transliteration, Romanization, Glossing and Commentary, BRILL, →ISBN, page 88
  4. ^ Kenneth Rexroth (1964), One Hundred Poems from the Japanese, illustrated edition, New Directions Publishing, →ISBN, page 9
  5. ^ Edwin A. Cranston (1998), The Gem-Glistening Cup (Volume 1 of A Waka Anthology), illustrated, reprint edition, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 64
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