保留

Chinese

		to defend; to protect; to insure or guarantee to defend; to protect; to insure or guarantee; to maintain; hold or keep; to guard	leave (message); to retain; to stay leave (message); to retain; to stay; to remain; to keep; to preserve
trad. (保留)		保	留
simp. ^#(保留)		保	留

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bǎoliú

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˇ ㄌㄧㄡˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bou² lau⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): pó-liù

(Hailu, HRS): bo^ˊ liu
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bor³ liu²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): pó-liû

(Teochew, Peng'im): bo² liu⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵pau-lieu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bǎoliú
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˇ ㄌㄧㄡˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bǎolióu
  - Wade–Giles: pao³-liu²
  - Yale: bǎu-lyóu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: baoliou
  - Palladius: баолю (baolju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bou² lau⁴
  - Yale: bóu làuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bou² lau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: bou² leo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pou̯³⁵ lɐu̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pó-liù
  - Hakka Romanization System: bo^ˋ liu^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: bo³ liu²
  - Sinological IPA: /po³¹ li̯u¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: bo^ˊ liu
  - Sinological IPA: /po²⁴⁻³³ liu⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: bor³ liu² [Phonetic: bor² liu²]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bô̤-liú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɒ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ liu¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: bor³ liu² [Phonetic: bor¹ liu²]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɒ³³²⁻⁵⁵ liu²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pó-liû
  - Tâi-lô: pó-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: poyliuu
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liu²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liu²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liu¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liu²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liu²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bo² liu⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pó liû
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /po⁵²⁻³⁵ liu⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵pau-lieu
  - MiniDict: pau^去 lieu
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²pau-lieu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pɔ³³ liɤ⁴⁴/

Verb

保留 (transitive)

to retain; to keep; to preserve; to hold back
員工保留／员工保留 ― yuángōng bǎoliú ― employee retention
to reserve
保留權利／保留权利 ― bǎoliú quánlì ― to reserve a right

保留意見／保留意见 ― bǎoliú yìjiàn ― to reserve an opinion (i.e. to have reservations)

賣肉的師傅毫不保留地講解讓刀飛快起來的磨刀妙招。 [MSC, trad.]
卖肉的师傅毫不保留地讲解让刀飞快起来的磨刀妙招。 [MSC, simp.]
Mài ròu de shīfù háobù bǎoliú de jiǎngjiě ràng dāo fēikuài qǐlái de módāo miàozhāo. [Pinyin]
The butcher explained without reservation how to sharpen a knife.
to defer for future discussion
to maintain (an original state)

Synonyms

(to retain):

edit

保存 (bǎocún)
存留 (cúnliú)

Derived terms

保留劇目 / 保留剧目 (bǎoliú jùmù)
保留地 (bǎoliúdì)
保留字 (bǎoliúzì)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (保留):

→ Japanese: 保(ほ)留(りゅう) (horyū)
→ Korean: 보류(保留) (boryu)
→ Vietnamese: bảo lưu (保留)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
保	留
ほ Grade: 5	りゅう Grade: 5
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ほりゅう [hòryúú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [ho̞ɾʲɨː]

Noun

保(ほ)留(りゅう) • (horyū) ^{←ほりう (foriu)^?}

hold, suspension

Verb

保(ほ)留(りゅう)する • (horyū suru) ^{←ほりう (foriu)^?}transitive suru (stem 保(ほ)留(りゅう)し (horyū shi), past 保(ほ)留(りゅう)した (horyū shita))

defer, suspend

Conjugation

Conjugation of "保留する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	保留し	ほりゅうし	horyū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	保留し	ほりゅうし	horyū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	保留する	ほりゅうする	horyū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	保留する	ほりゅうする	horyū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	保留すれ	ほりゅうすれ	horyū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	保留せよ¹ 保留しろ²	ほりゅうせよ¹ ほりゅうしろ²	horyū seyo¹ horyū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	保留される	ほりゅうされる	horyū sareru
Causative	保留させる保留さす	ほりゅうさせるほりゅうさす	horyū saseru horyū sasu
Potential	保留できる	ほりゅうできる	horyū dekiru
Volitional	保留しよう	ほりゅうしよう	horyū shiyō
Negative	保留しない	ほりゅうしない	horyū shinai
Negative continuative	保留せず	ほりゅうせず	horyū sezu
Formal	保留します	ほりゅうします	horyū shimasu
Perfective	保留した	ほりゅうした	horyū shita
Conjunctive	保留して	ほりゅうして	horyū shite
Hypothetical conditional	保留すれば	ほりゅうすれば	horyū sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ “保留”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

“保留”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
保	留

Noun

保留 • (boryu) (hangeul 보류)

hanja form^? of 보류

[SMK7-1] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[NKD2-4] “保留”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

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