下降

Chinese

	under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter	to drop; to fall; to come down to drop; to fall; to come down; to descend; to surrender
trad. (下降)	下	降
simp. ^#(下降)	下	降
anagram	降下

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiàjiàng

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haa⁶ gong³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ha-kong
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hǎ-kàng / hā-kàng / hēe-kàng

(Teochew, Peng'im): hia⁶ gang³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàjiàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàjiàng
  - Wade–Giles: hsia⁴-chiang⁴
  - Yale: syà-jyàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahjianq
  - Palladius: сяцзян (sjaczjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: haa⁶ gong³
  - Yale: hah gong
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶ gong³
  - Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶ gong³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²² kɔːŋ³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha-kong
  - Hakka Romanization System: ha gong
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ha⁴ gong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵ koŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-kàng
  - Tâi-lô: hǎ-kàng
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² kaŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-kàng
  - Tâi-lô: hā-kàng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haxkaxng
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ¹¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-kàng
  - Tâi-lô: hēe-kàng
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hia⁶ gang³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă kàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hia³⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ²¹³/

Verb

下降

(literally) to drop; to fall; to descend
(anatomy) to depress
(figuratively) to decline; to go down; to decrease
(archaic, of a princess) to get married

Synonyms

(to decline): 暴跌 (bàodiē), 低落 (dīluò)

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “to decline”): 高漲／高涨 (gāozhǎng), 上升 (shàngshēng)
(antonym(s) of “to depress”): 上升 (shàngshēng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
下	降
か Grade: 1	こう Grade: 6
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かこー [kàkóó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ko̞ː]

Noun

下(か)降(こう) • (kakō)

descent, fall

Antonyms

上昇(じょうしょう) (jōshō)

Verb

下(か)降(こう)する • (kakō suru) intransitive suru (stem 下(か)降(こう)し (kakō shi), past 下(か)降(こう)した (kakō shita))

descend, fall
年々人気(ねんねんにんき)が下(か)降(こう)している
nennen ninki ga kakō shite iru
its popularity has been going down year by year

Conjugation

Conjugation of "下降する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	下降し	かこうし	kakō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	下降し	かこうし	kakō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	下降する	かこうする	kakō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	下降する	かこうする	kakō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	下降すれ	かこうすれ	kakō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	下降せよ¹ 下降しろ²	かこうせよ¹ かこうしろ²	kakō seyo¹ kakō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	下降される	かこうされる	kakō sareru
Causative	下降させる下降さす	かこうさせるかこうさす	kakō saseru kakō sasu
Potential	下降できる	かこうできる	kakō dekiru
Volitional	下降しよう	かこうしよう	kakō shiyō
Negative	下降しない	かこうしない	kakō shinai
Negative continuative	下降せず	かこうせず	kakō sezu
Formal	下降します	かこうします	kakō shimasu
Perfective	下降した	かこうした	kakō shita
Conjunctive	下降して	かこうして	kakō shite
Hypothetical conditional	下降すれば	かこうすれば	kakō sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

“下降”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[ZAJ-1] Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

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