下野
Chinese
under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter |
field; plain; open space field; plain; open space; limit; boundary; rude; wild | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (下野) |
下 | 野 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xiàyě
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄧㄝˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: siàyě
- Wade–Giles: hsia4-yeh3
- Yale: syà-yě
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahyee
- Palladius: сяе (sjaje)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: haa6 je5
- Yale: hah yéh
- Cantonese Pinyin: haa6 je5
- Guangdong Romanization: ha6 yé5
- Sinological IPA (key): /haː²² jɛː¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-iá
- Tâi-lô: hǎ-iá
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² ia⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-iá
- Tâi-lô: hā-iá
- Phofsit Daibuun: haxiar
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ ia⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ ia⁴¹/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ ia⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-iá
- Tâi-lô: hēe-iá
- Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ ia⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
Etymology 1
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Verb
下野
Etymology 2
Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 下野 (Shimotsuke).
Proper noun
下野
- (～市) Shimotsuke (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 下 | 野 |
| げ Grade: 1 |
や Grade: 2 |
| goon | |
First attested around the early 1930s.[1]
Appears to be coined in Japan from Middle Chinese-derived elements 下 (ge, “below, lower”) + 野 (ya, “field”).
Pronunciation
Noun
下野 • (geya)
- (of a public servant) retirement from public office
- (politics, of a political party) going into the opposition
Verb
下野する • (geya suru) suru (stem 下野し (geya shi), past 下野した (geya shita))
- (of a public servant) to retire from public office
- Synonym: 野に下る (ya ni kudaru)
- (politics, of a political party) to go into the opposition
Conjugation
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 下野し | げやし | geya shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 下野し | げやし | geya shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 下野する | げやする | geya suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 下野する | げやする | geya suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 下野すれ | げやすれ | geya sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 下野せよ¹ 下野しろ² |
げやせよ¹ げやしろ² |
geya seyo¹ geya shiro² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 下野される | げやされる | geya sareru |
| Causative | 下野させる 下野さす |
げやさせる げやさす |
geya saseru geya sasu |
| Potential | 下野できる | げやできる | geya dekiru |
| Volitional | 下野しよう | げやしよう | geya shiyō |
| Negative | 下野しない | げやしない | geya shinai |
| Negative continuative | 下野せず | げやせず | geya sezu |
| Formal | 下野します | げやします | geya shimasu |
| Perfective | 下野した | げやした | geya shita |
| Conjunctive | 下野して | げやして | geya shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 下野すれば | げやすれば | geya sureba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
See also
- 野党 (yatō, “opposition party”)
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 下 | 野 |
| しも Grade: 1 |
Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi | irregular |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 繍線菊 (meadowsweet) |
⟨simo1tuke2⟩ → */simʷotukei̯/ → /ɕimot͡suke/
Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 下毛野 (Simo1tuke2no1 → Shimotsukeno, literally “Lower Keno”).[3]
The meadowsweet sense was first attested in The Pillow Book (1002), from the province where the flower was first discovered.
Proper noun
下野 • (Shimotsuke)
- a placename, such as that of:
- (historical) short for 下野国 (Shimotsuke-no-kuni): Shimotsuke Province, an old province of Japan, now part of Tochigi Prefecture
- Synonym: 野州 (Yashū)
- short for 下野市 (Shimotsuke-shi): Shimotsuke (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan) [2006–]
- (historical) short for 下野国 (Shimotsuke-no-kuni): Shimotsuke Province, an old province of Japan, now part of Tochigi Prefecture
- a surname
Derived terms
- 下野薬師寺址 (Shimotsuke Yakushiji Ato)
- 木下野 (kishimotsuke)
See also
- 上野 (Kōzuke)
Noun
下野 or 下野 • (shimotsuke)
- the Japanese meadowsweet, Spiraea japonica
- Synonym: 木下野 (kishimotsuke)
- Hypernym: 薔薇 (bara)
Derived terms
- 下野科 (shimotsuke-ka)
- 下野草 (shimotsukesō, “Filipendula multijuga”)
- 赤沼下野 (akanuma shimotsuke)
- 岩下野 (iwa shimotsuke, “Spiraea nipponica”)
- 蝦夷下野 (Ezo shimotsuke, “Spiraea media subsp. media var. sericea”)
- 草下野 (kusa shimotsuke)
- 小葉の下野 (koba no shimotsuke)
- 穂咲下野 (hozaki shimotsuke, “Spiraea salicifolia”)
- 丸葉下野 (maruba shimotsuke, “Spiraea betulifolia”)
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 下 | 野 |
| しも Grade: 1 |
の Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi | |
From 下 (shimo, “lower”) + 野 (no, “field”).
Proper noun
下野 • (Shimono)
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 下 | 野 |
| した Grade: 1 |
の Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi | |
From 下 (shita, “below”) + 野 (no, “field”).
Proper noun
下野 • (Shitano)
References
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- “〈下野〉”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Korean
| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 下 | 野 |
Noun
下野 • (haya) (hangeul 하야)