ずる

See also: する

Japanese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ずる [zúꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [d͡zɨɾɯ̟]

Verb

ずる • (zuru) godan (stem ずり (zuri), past ずった (zutta))

(intransitive) to slide
(intransitive) to be off
(transitive) to drag

Conjugation

Conjugation of "ずる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	ずら	zura
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	ずり	zuri
Shūshikei ("terminal")	ずる	zuru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	ずる	zuru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	ずれ	zure
Meireikei ("imperative")	ずれ	zure
Key constructions
Passive	ずられる	zurareru
Causative	ずらせるずらす	zuraseru zurasu
Potential	ずれる	zureru
Volitional	ずろう	zurō
Negative	ずらない	zuranai
Negative continuative	ずらず	zurazu
Formal	ずります	zurimasu
Perfective	ずった	zutta
Conjunctive	ずって	zutte
Hypothetical conditional	ずれば	zureba

Derived terms

ずり上(あ)がる (zuriagaru)
ずり上(あ)げる (zuriageru)
ずり込(こ)む (zurikomu)
ずり這(ば)い (zuribai)
ずり落(お)ちる (zuriochiru)
ずり下(さ)がる (zurisagaru)
ずり出(で)る (zurideru)

Related terms

ずれる (zureru)
ずるずる (zuruzuru)

Etymology 2

Verb

ずる • (zuru) suru (stem じ (ji), past じた (jita))

(only in compounds, no longer productive) Rendaku form of する (suru)
感(かん)ずる ― kan-zuru ― to feel

先(さき)んずる ― sakin-zuru ― to do something before others; to precede

Conjugation

Conjugation of "ずる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	じ・ぜ*	ji ze*
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	じ	ji
Shūshikei ("terminal")	ずる	zuru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	ずる	zuru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	ずれ	zure
Meireikei ("imperative")	ぜよ¹ じろ²	zeyo¹ jiro²
Key constructions
Passive	じられるぜられる	jirareru zerareru
Causative	じさせるじさす	jisaseru jisasu
Potential	じられるぜられる	jirareru zerareru
Volitional	じよう	jiyō
Negative	じない	jinai
Negative continuative	ぜず	zezu
Formal	じます	jimasu
Perfective	じた	jita
Conjunctive	じて	jite
Hypothetical conditional	じればずれば	jireba zureba

* The ze- imperfective occurs in Classical Japanese and in other set phrases, and forms the base of the negative continuative conjugation zezu. The ji- imperfective is most common in Tokyo-standard everyday modern Japanese for forming the base of the negative conjugation jinai. ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Classical conjugation of "ず" (サ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	ぜ	ze
Continuative (連用形)	じ	zi
Terminal (終止形)	ず	zu
Attributive (連体形)	ずる	zuru
Realis (已然形)	ずれ	zure
Imperative (命令形)	ぜよ	zeyo
Key constructions
Negative	ぜず	zezu
Contrasting conjunction	ずれど	zuredo
Causal conjunction	ずれば	zureba
Conditional conjunction	ぜば	zeba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	じき	ziki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	じけり	zikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	じつ	zitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	じぬ	zinu
Perfect-continuative tense	ぜりじたり	zeri zitari
Volitional	ぜむ	zemu

Derived terms

Category:Japanese zuru verbs

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of ずる – see the following entry.

【狡】H	[noun] slyness, sly act, sly person Alternative spelling ズル

(This term, ずる (zuru), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.)
For a list of all kanji read as ずる, see Category:Japanese kanji read as ずる.

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (2016), NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK16-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (2016), NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK8-3] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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