ᾍδης

See also: ἀϊδής, ᾅδης, Αἵδης, Άδης, Ἀΐδης, and Ἄϊδης

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

Αἵδης (Haídēs) — Attic
Ᾰ̓ῐ̈́δης (Ăĭ̈́dēs), Ᾰ̓́ῐ̈δης (Ắĭ̈dēs) — Epic
Ᾱ̓ῐ̈́δης (Āĭ̈́dēs), Ᾱ̓́ῐ̈δης (Ā́ĭ̈dēs), Αἵδης (Haídēs) — Ionic
Ᾱ̓ῐ̈́δᾱς (Āĭ̈́dās), ᾍδᾱς (Hāídās), Αἵδᾱς (Haídās) — Doric

Etymology

For *ἄϝις (*áwis, “unseen”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥wids (“unseen”)^[1] equivalent to ἀ- (a-, “un-”) + the root of ἰδεῖν (ideîn) + -ς (-s). The root nominal was remodeled into an ᾱ-stem. Compare ἀϊδής (aïdḗs, “invisible”), which looks very similar, but is most likely based on the etymon of the related σ-stem εἶδος (eîdos).

Aspiration arose in Attic under the influence of the definite article ὁ (ho).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /háːi̯.dɛːs/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)a.de̝s/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ðis/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ðis/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ðis/

Proper noun

ᾍδης • (Hāídēs) m (genitive ᾍδου); first declension (Attic, Ionic)

(Greek mythology) Hades (Greek god)
(Greek mythology) Hades (a mythological location, the underworld in Ancient Greek religion)
(Koine, biblical) the Grave; Hell

Declension

First declension of ὁ ᾍδης; τοῦ ᾍδου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	ὁ ᾍδης ho Hāídēs
Genitive	τοῦ ᾍδου toû Hāídou
Dative	τῷ ᾍδῃ tōî Hāídēi
Accusative	τὸν ᾍδην tòn Hāídēn
Vocative	ᾍδη Hāídē
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First declension of ὁ ᾍδης; τοῦ ᾍδεω / ᾍδου (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	ὁ ᾍδης ho Hāídēs
Genitive	τοῦ ᾍδεω / ᾍδου toû Hāídeō / Hāídou
Dative	τῷ ᾍδῃ tōî Hāídēi
Accusative	τὸν ᾍδην tòn Hāídēn
Vocative	ᾍδη Hāídē
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

Αἰδωνεύς (Aidōneús)
Ᾰ̓ῐ̈δωνεύς (Ăĭ̈dōneús)

Descendants

Greek: Άδης (Ádis)
→ Latin: Hādēs
→ Old Church Slavonic: адъ (adŭ) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “Ἀΐδης, -αο [m.]”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 34

“ᾍδης”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ᾍδης”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
ᾍδης in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
ᾍδης in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2026)
G86 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- below idem, page 73.
- death idem, page 198.
- hades idem, page 380.
- hell idem, page 395.
- infernal idem, page 437.
- lower idem, page 503.
- nether idem, page 556.
- shade idem, page 760.
- under idem, page 912.
- world idem, page 989.

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “Ἀΐδης, -αο [m.]”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 34

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