शोक

See also: शंका, शुक, शक, and शौक़

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit शोक (śoka). Doublet of सोग (sog).

Pronunciation

(Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /ʃoːk/

Noun

शोक • (śok) m (Urdu spelling شوک)

mourning, grief, lament

Declension

Declension of *शोक* (masc cons-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	शोक śok	शोक śok
oblique	शोक śok	शोकों śokõ
vocative	शोक śok	शोको śoko

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

শোক (Assamese script)
ᬰᭀᬓ (Balinese script)
শোক (Bengali script)
𑰫𑰺𑰎 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀰𑁄𑀓 (Brahmi script)
ၐောက (Burmese script)
શોક (Gujarati script)
ਸ਼ੋਕ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌶𑍋𑌕 (Grantha script)
ꦯꦺꦴꦏ (Javanese script)
𑂬𑂷𑂍 (Kaithi script)
ಶೋಕ (Kannada script)
ឝោក (Khmer script)
ໂຨກ (Lao script)
ശോക (Malayalam script)
ᡧᠣᡬᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘫𑘻𑘎 (Modi script)
ᠱᠣᠸᠠᢉᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑧋𑧜𑦮 (Nandinagari script)
𑐱𑑀𑐎 (Newa script)
ଶୋକ (Odia script)
ꢯꣂꢒ (Saurashtra script)
𑆯𑆾𑆑 (Sharada script)
𑖫𑖺𑖎 (Siddham script)
ශොක (Sinhalese script)
𑩿𑩕𑩜 (Soyombo script)
𑚧𑚴𑚊 (Takri script)
ஶோக (Tamil script)
శోక (Telugu script)
โศก (Thai script)
ཤོ་ཀ (Tibetan script)
𑒬𑒼𑒏 (Tirhuta script)
𑨮𑨆𑨋 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćáwkas m (“light, flame”). Compare Younger Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬊𐬐𐬁 f (saokā, “splendor, brilliance”). The Sanskrit root is शुच् (śuc, “to glow; to grieve”), see there for more.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕɐ́w.kɐ/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɕoː.kɐ/

Noun

शोक॑ • (śóka) stem, m

flame, glow, heat, burning
sorrow, affliction, anguish, pain, trouble, grief

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शोक॑
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	शोकः॑ (śókaḥ)	शोकौ॑ (śókau) शोका॑¹ (śókā¹)	शोकाः॑ (śókāḥ) शोका॑सः¹ (śókāsaḥ¹)
accusative	शोक॑म् (śókam)	शोकौ॑ (śókau) शोका॑¹ (śókā¹)	शोका॑न् (śókān)
instrumental	शोके॑न (śókena)	शोका॑भ्याम् (śókābhyām)	शोकैः॑ (śókaiḥ) शोके॑भिः¹ (śókebhiḥ¹)
dative	शोका॑य (śókāya)	शोका॑भ्याम् (śókābhyām)	शोके॑भ्यः (śókebhyaḥ)
ablative	शोका॑त् (śókāt)	शोका॑भ्याम् (śókābhyām)	शोके॑भ्यः (śókebhyaḥ)
genitive	शोक॑स्य (śókasya)	शोक॑योः (śókayoḥ)	शोका॑नाम् (śókānām)
locative	शोके॑ (śóke)	शोक॑योः (śókayoḥ)	शोके॑षु (śókeṣu)
vocative	शोक॑ (śóka)	शोकौ॑ (śókau) शोका॑¹ (śókā¹)	शोकाः॑ (śókāḥ) शोका॑सः¹ (śókāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Descendants

Kalasha: šok
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: शोक (śok)

Urdu: شوک (śok)
→ Odia: ଶୋକ (śoka)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ੋਕ (śok)

Shahmukhi script: شوک (śok)
→ Tamil: சோகம் (cōkam)
→ Telugu: శోకము (śōkamu)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćawkás (adj.). The Sanskrit root is शुच् (śuc, “to glow; to grieve”), see there for more.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕɐw.kɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɕoː.kɐ/

Adjective

शो॒क • (śoká) stem

burning, hot (AV.)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शो॒क
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	शो॒कः (śokáḥ)	शो॒कौ (śokáu) शो॒का¹ (śokā́¹)	शो॒काः (śokā́ḥ) शो॒कासः॑¹ (śokā́saḥ¹)
accusative	शो॒कम् (śokám)	शो॒कौ (śokáu) शो॒का¹ (śokā́¹)	शो॒कान् (śokā́n)
instrumental	शो॒केन॑ (śokéna)	शो॒काभ्या॑म् (śokā́bhyām)	शो॒कैः (śokáiḥ) शो॒केभिः॑¹ (śokébhiḥ¹)
dative	शो॒काय॑ (śokā́ya)	शो॒काभ्या॑म् (śokā́bhyām)	शो॒केभ्यः॑ (śokébhyaḥ)
ablative	शो॒कात् (śokā́t)	शो॒काभ्या॑म् (śokā́bhyām)	शो॒केभ्यः॑ (śokébhyaḥ)
genitive	शो॒कस्य॑ (śokásya)	शो॒कयोः॑ (śokáyoḥ)	शो॒काना॑म् (śokā́nām)
locative	शो॒के (śoké)	शो॒कयोः॑ (śokáyoḥ)	शो॒केषु॑ (śokéṣu)
vocative	शोक॑ (śóka)	शोकौ॑ (śókau) शोका॑¹ (śókā¹)	शोकाः॑ (śókāḥ) शोका॑सः¹ (śókāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of शो॒का
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	शो॒का (śokā́)	शो॒के (śoké)	शो॒काः (śokā́ḥ)
accusative	शो॒काम् (śokā́m)	शो॒के (śoké)	शो॒काः (śokā́ḥ)
instrumental	शो॒कया॑ (śokáyā) शो॒का¹ (śokā́¹)	शो॒काभ्या॑म् (śokā́bhyām)	शो॒काभिः॑ (śokā́bhiḥ)
dative	शो॒कायै॑ (śokā́yai)	शो॒काभ्या॑म् (śokā́bhyām)	शो॒काभ्यः॑ (śokā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	शो॒कायाः॑ (śokā́yāḥ) शो॒कायै॑² (śokā́yai²)	शो॒काभ्या॑म् (śokā́bhyām)	शो॒काभ्यः॑ (śokā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	शो॒कायाः॑ (śokā́yāḥ) शो॒कायै॑² (śokā́yai²)	शो॒कयोः॑ (śokáyoḥ)	शो॒काना॑म् (śokā́nām)
locative	शो॒काया॑म् (śokā́yām)	शो॒कयोः॑ (śokáyoḥ)	शो॒कासु॑ (śokā́su)
vocative	शोके॑ (śóke)	शोके॑ (śóke)	शोकाः॑ (śókāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of शो॒क
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	शो॒कम् (śokám)	शो॒के (śoké)	शो॒कानि॑ (śokā́ni) शो॒का¹ (śokā́¹)
accusative	शो॒कम् (śokám)	शो॒के (śoké)	शो॒कानि॑ (śokā́ni) शो॒का¹ (śokā́¹)
instrumental	शो॒केन॑ (śokéna)	शो॒काभ्या॑म् (śokā́bhyām)	शो॒कैः (śokáiḥ) शो॒केभिः॑¹ (śokébhiḥ¹)
dative	शो॒काय॑ (śokā́ya)	शो॒काभ्या॑म् (śokā́bhyām)	शो॒केभ्यः॑ (śokébhyaḥ)
ablative	शो॒कात् (śokā́t)	शो॒काभ्या॑म् (śokā́bhyām)	शो॒केभ्यः॑ (śokébhyaḥ)
genitive	शो॒कस्य॑ (śokásya)	शो॒कयोः॑ (śokáyoḥ)	शो॒काना॑म् (śokā́nām)
locative	शो॒के (śoké)	शो॒कयोः॑ (śokáyoḥ)	शो॒केषु॑ (śokéṣu)
vocative	शोक॑ (śóka)	शोके॑ (śóke)	शोका॑नि (śókāni) शोका॑¹ (śókā¹)

¹Vedic

References

Monier Williams (1899), “शोक”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1091, column 1.
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “śoc”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 463