रूढ
Prakrit
Adjective
रूढ (rūḍha)
- Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑀽𑀠 (“grown”)
Sanskrit
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- ৰূঢ (Assamese script)
- ᬭᬹᬠ (Balinese script)
- রূঢ (Bengali script)
- 𑰨𑰳𑰛 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀭𑀽𑀠 (Brahmi script)
- ရူဎ (Burmese script)
- રૂઢ (Gujarati script)
- ਰੂਢ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌰𑍂𑌢 (Grantha script)
- ꦫꦹꦞ (Javanese script)
- 𑂩𑂴𑂛 (Kaithi script)
- ರೂಢ (Kannada script)
- រូឍ (Khmer script)
- ຣູຒ (Lao script)
- രൂഢ (Malayalam script)
- ᡵᡠᡠᢟᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘨𑘴𑘛 (Modi script)
- ᠷᠤᠤᢎᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧈𑧕𑦻 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐬𑐹𑐝 (Newa script)
- ରୂଢ (Odia script)
- ꢬꢹꢟ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆫𑆷𑆞 (Sharada script)
- 𑖨𑖳𑖛 (Siddham script)
- රූඪ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩼𑩒𑩛𑩩 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚤𑚱𑚗 (Takri script)
- ரூட⁴ (Tamil script)
- రూఢ (Telugu script)
- รูฒ (Thai script)
- རཱུ་ཌྷ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒩𑒴𑒜 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨫𑨃𑨊𑨗 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
An Old Indo-Aryan continuation of *ruẓḍʰá, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrudᶻdʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ludʰ-tó-s, from *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬀 (uruzda, “grown”).
The retraction of the sibilant in *ruẓḍʰá was triggered by the application of the RUKI sound law to Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrudᶻdʰás in the Old Indo-Aryan stage. This was a dialectal form with a development parallel to the expected sound change which would have yielded *ruddʰá. For similar Indo-Aryan developments, see Sanskrit उड्डीयते (uḍḍīyate) and Hindi कुढ़ना (kuṛhnā).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɾuː.ɖʱɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɾuː.ɖʱɐ/
Adjective
रू॒ढ • (rūḍhá) stem
- grown, sprung up, arisen, ascended
- c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) 6.42.2:
- वनस्पतीनां प्रतिष्ठितो यः समे भूम्यै स्वाद्योने रूढः प्रत्येव तिष्ठति
- vanaspatīnāṃ pratiṣṭhito yaḥ same bhūmyai svādyone rūḍhaḥ pratyeva tiṣṭhati
- Among trees, that tree is well supported which has grown from its own birthplace on level ground and is firm.
- वनस्पतीनां प्रतिष्ठितो यः समे भूम्यै स्वाद्योने रूढः प्रत्येव तिष्ठति
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | रू॒ढः (rūḍháḥ) | रू॒ढौ (rūḍháu) रू॒ढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹) |
रू॒ढाः (rūḍhā́ḥ) रू॒ढासः॑¹ (rūḍhā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | रू॒ढम् (rūḍhám) | रू॒ढौ (rūḍháu) रू॒ढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹) |
रू॒ढान् (rūḍhā́n) |
| instrumental | रू॒ढेन॑ (rūḍhéna) | रू॒ढाभ्या॑म् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रू॒ढैः (rūḍháiḥ) रू॒ढेभिः॑¹ (rūḍhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | रू॒ढाय॑ (rūḍhā́ya) | रू॒ढाभ्या॑म् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रू॒ढेभ्यः॑ (rūḍhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | रू॒ढात् (rūḍhā́t) | रू॒ढाभ्या॑म् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रू॒ढेभ्यः॑ (rūḍhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | रू॒ढस्य॑ (rūḍhásya) | रू॒ढयोः॑ (rūḍháyoḥ) | रू॒ढाना॑म् (rūḍhā́nām) |
| locative | रू॒ढे (rūḍhé) | रू॒ढयोः॑ (rūḍháyoḥ) | रू॒ढेषु॑ (rūḍhéṣu) |
| vocative | रूढ॑ (rū́ḍha) | रूढौ॑ (rū́ḍhau) रूढा॑¹ (rū́ḍhā¹) |
रूढाः॑ (rū́ḍhāḥ) रूढा॑सः¹ (rū́ḍhāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | रू॒ढा (rūḍhā́) | रू॒ढे (rūḍhé) | रू॒ढाः (rūḍhā́ḥ) |
| accusative | रू॒ढाम् (rūḍhā́m) | रू॒ढे (rūḍhé) | रू॒ढाः (rūḍhā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | रू॒ढया॑ (rūḍháyā) रू॒ढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹) |
रू॒ढाभ्या॑म् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रू॒ढाभिः॑ (rūḍhā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | रू॒ढायै॑ (rūḍhā́yai) | रू॒ढाभ्या॑म् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रू॒ढाभ्यः॑ (rūḍhā́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | रू॒ढायाः॑ (rūḍhā́yāḥ) रू॒ढायै॑² (rūḍhā́yai²) |
रू॒ढाभ्या॑म् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रू॒ढाभ्यः॑ (rūḍhā́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | रू॒ढायाः॑ (rūḍhā́yāḥ) रू॒ढायै॑² (rūḍhā́yai²) |
रू॒ढयोः॑ (rūḍháyoḥ) | रू॒ढाना॑म् (rūḍhā́nām) |
| locative | रू॒ढाया॑म् (rūḍhā́yām) | रू॒ढयोः॑ (rūḍháyoḥ) | रू॒ढासु॑ (rūḍhā́su) |
| vocative | रूढे॑ (rū́ḍhe) | रूढे॑ (rū́ḍhe) | रूढाः॑ (rū́ḍhāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | रू॒ढम् (rūḍhám) | रू॒ढे (rūḍhé) | रू॒ढानि॑ (rūḍhā́ni) रू॒ढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹) |
| accusative | रू॒ढम् (rūḍhám) | रू॒ढे (rūḍhé) | रू॒ढानि॑ (rūḍhā́ni) रू॒ढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹) |
| instrumental | रू॒ढेन॑ (rūḍhéna) | रू॒ढाभ्या॑म् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रू॒ढैः (rūḍháiḥ) रू॒ढेभिः॑¹ (rūḍhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | रू॒ढाय॑ (rūḍhā́ya) | रू॒ढाभ्या॑म् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रू॒ढेभ्यः॑ (rūḍhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | रू॒ढात् (rūḍhā́t) | रू॒ढाभ्या॑म् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रू॒ढेभ्यः॑ (rūḍhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | रू॒ढस्य॑ (rūḍhásya) | रू॒ढयोः॑ (rūḍháyoḥ) | रू॒ढाना॑म् (rūḍhā́nām) |
| locative | रू॒ढे (rūḍhé) | रू॒ढयोः॑ (rūḍháyoḥ) | रू॒ढेषु॑ (rūḍhéṣu) |
| vocative | रूढ॑ (rū́ḍha) | रूढे॑ (rū́ḍhe) | रूढा॑नि (rū́ḍhāni) रूढा॑¹ (rū́ḍhā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “रूढ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0885.