भाषते

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

ভাষতে (Assamese script)
ᬪᬵᬱᬢᬾ (Balinese script)
ভাষতে (Bengali script)
𑰥𑰯𑰬𑰝𑰸 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀪𑀸𑀱𑀢𑁂 (Brahmi script)
ဘာၑတေ (Burmese script)
ભાષતે (Gujarati script)
ਭਾਸ਼ਤੇ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌭𑌾𑌷𑌤𑍇 (Grantha script)
ꦨꦴꦰꦠꦺ (Javanese script)
𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂞𑂵 (Kaithi script)
ಭಾಷತೇ (Kannada script)
ភាឞតេ (Khmer script)
ຠາຩເຕ (Lao script)
ഭാഷതേ (Malayalam script)
ᢨᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢢᠠᢠᡝ (Manchu script)
𑘥𑘰𑘬𑘝𑘹 (Modi script)
ᠪᠾᠠᢗᢔᠠᢐᠧ (Mongolian script)
𑧅𑧑𑧌𑦽𑧚 (Nandinagari script)
𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐟𑐾 (Newa script)
ଭାଷତେ (Odia script)
ꢩꢵꢰꢡꢾ (Saurashtra script)
𑆨𑆳𑆰𑆠𑆼 (Sharada script)
𑖥𑖯𑖬𑖝𑖸 (Siddham script)
භාෂතෙ (Sinhalese script)
𑩳𑩛𑪀𑩫𑩔 (Soyombo script)
𑚡𑚭𑚙𑚲 (Takri script)
ப⁴ாஷதே (Tamil script)
భాషతే (Telugu script)
ภาษเต (Thai script)
བྷཱ་ཥ་ཏེ (Tibetan script)
𑒦𑒰𑒭𑒞𑒹 (Tirhuta script)
𑨡𑨊𑨯𑨙𑨄 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.?

Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā)?

Sanskrit भाषते

Uncertain.^[1]^[2]

Per Mayrhofer, probably from an s-extension of Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak, say”), undergoing unetymological retroflexion in order to prevent confusion with भासते (bhāsate, “to shine”), which is derived from a homonymous Indo-European root.
Supporters of Fortunatov's law (including Burrow and, at least in this case, Turner) claim it is a denominal verb of भाषा (bhāṣā), itself from Proto-Indo-European *bʰol-s-eh₂, from the root *bʰel- (“to sound”) with s-extension; compare Lithuanian bal̃sas (“voice”).^[3]^[4] Per the law, *-l- induces retroflexion.

Relationship with Sanskrit भषति (bhaṣati, “to bark”) is unclear.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /bʱɑ́ː.ʂɐ.tɐj/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /bʱɑː.ʂɐ.t̪eː/

Verb

भाष॑ते • (bhā́ṣate) third-singular indicative (class 1, type A, present, root भाष्)^[5]

to speak, say, talk
to announce

Conjugation

Present: भाष॑ते (bhā́ṣate)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	- -	- -	- -	भाष॑ते bhā́ṣate	भाषे॑ते bhā́ṣete	भाष॑न्ते bhā́ṣante
Second	- -	- -	- -	भाष॑से bhā́ṣase	भाषे॑थे bhā́ṣethe	भाष॑ध्वे bhā́ṣadhve
First	- -	- -	- -	भाषे॑ bhā́ṣe	भाषा॑वहे bhā́ṣāvahe	भाषा॑महे bhā́ṣāmahe
Imperative
Third	- -	- -	- -	भाष॑ताम् bhā́ṣatām	भाषे॑ताम् bhā́ṣetām	भाष॑न्ताम् bhā́ṣantām
Second	- -	- -	- -	भाष॑स्व bhā́ṣasva	भाषे॑थाम् bhā́ṣethām	भाष॑ध्वम् bhā́ṣadhvam
First	- -	- -	- -	भाषै॑ bhā́ṣai	भाषा॑वहै bhā́ṣāvahai	भाषा॑महै bhā́ṣāmahai
Optative/Potential
Third	- -	- -	- -	भाषे॑त bhā́ṣeta	भाषे॑याताम् bhā́ṣeyātām	भाषे॑रन् bhā́ṣeran
Second	- -	- -	- -	भाषे॑थाः bhā́ṣethāḥ	भाषे॑याथाम् bhā́ṣeyāthām	भाषे॑ध्वम् bhā́ṣedhvam
First	- -	- -	- -	भाषे॑य bhā́ṣeya	भाषे॑वहि bhā́ṣevahi	भाषे॑महि bhā́ṣemahi
Subjunctive
Third	- -	- -	- -	भाषा॑ते / भाषा॑तै bhā́ṣāte / bhā́ṣātai	भाषै॑ते bhā́ṣaite	भाष॑न्त / भाषा॑न्तै bhā́ṣanta / bhā́ṣāntai
Second	- -	- -	- -	भाषा॑से / भाषा॑सै bhā́ṣāse / bhā́ṣāsai	भाषै॑थे bhā́ṣaithe	भाषा॑ध्वै bhā́ṣādhvai
First	- -	- -	- -	भाषै॑ bhā́ṣai	भाषा॑वहै bhā́ṣāvahai	भाषा॑महै bhā́ṣāmahai
Participles
	- -			भाष॑माण bhā́ṣamāṇa
Notes	The subjunctive is only used in Vedic Sanskrit.

Imperfect: अभा॑षत (ábhāṣata)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	- -	- -	- -	अभा॑षत ábhāṣata	अभा॑षेताम् ábhāṣetām	अभा॑षन्त ábhāṣanta
Second	- -	- -	- -	अभा॑षथाः ábhāṣathāḥ	अभा॑षेथाम् ábhāṣethām	अभा॑षध्वम् ábhāṣadhvam
First	- -	- -	- -	अभा॑षे ábhāṣe	अभा॑षावहि ábhāṣāvahi	अभा॑षामहि ábhāṣāmahi

Descendants

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀪𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂 (bhāsite, “said”)
- Gandhari: 𐨧𐨮𐨡𐨁 (bhaṣadi)
- Prakrit: 𑀪𑀸𑀲𑀇 (bhāsaï)
Pali: bhāsati

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963), “bhā́ṣate”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 497
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “BHĀṢ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 261
^ Burrow, Thomas (1972), “A Reconsideration of Fortunatov's Law”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London‎^[3], volume 35, number 3, pages 531–545
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “bhā́ṣatē”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 540
^ Monier Williams (1899), “भाषते”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page भाष्, 755.

[1] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963), “bhā́ṣate”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 497

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “BHĀṢ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 261

[3] Burrow, Thomas (1972), “A Reconsideration of Fortunatov's Law”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London‎^[3], volume 35, number 3, pages 531–545

[4] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “bhā́ṣatē”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 540

[5] Monier Williams (1899), “भाषते”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page भाष्, 755.

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