तमस्

From Sanskrit तमस् (tamas).

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /t̪ə.məs/, [t̪ɐ.mɐs]

तमस् • (tamas) m

1. darkness
2. ignorance, delusion
3. (Hinduism) Tamas (philosophy), one of the three gunas in Hindu philosophy, representing things that are, associated with inertia, ignorance, and materialism.

   Coordinate terms: रजस् (rajas), सत्त्व (sattva)

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “तमस्”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 2018
• Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “तमस्”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, page 280
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “तमस्”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 439

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *támHas, from Proto-Indo-European *témHos (“darkness”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬵 (təmah), Persian تم (tam, “cataract”), Lithuanian tamsà (“darkness”), Latin tenebra (“darkness”).

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /tɐ́.mɐs/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /t̪ɐ.mɐs̪/

तम॑स् • (támas) stem, n

1. darkness, gloom (also in plural)
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 5.14.4:

     अ॒ग्निर् जा॒तो अ॑रोचत॒
     घ्नन् दस्यू॒ञ् ज्योति॑षा॒ तमः॑ ।
     अवि॑न्द॒द् गा अ॒पः स्वः॑ ॥

     agnír jātó arocata
     ghnán dásyūñ jyótiṣā támaḥ.
     ávindad gā́ apáḥ svàḥ.

     Agni shone bright when born, with light killing the Dasyus and the darkness:
     He found the Kine, the Waters, the Sun.

2. the darkness of hell, hell or a particular division of hell
3. the obscuration of the sun or moon in eclipses, attributed to Rahu
4. mental darkness, ignorance, illusion, error
5. tamas, one of the three qualities or constituents of everything in creation (the cause of heaviness, ignorance, illusion, lust, anger, pride, sorrow, dullness, and stolidity)
6. sin
7. sorrow

• तमस्वत् (támasvat)
• तमिस्र (támisra), तमिस्रा (támisrā)

• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀢𑀫 (tama)
  • Marathi: तंव (tauva)
• Pali: tamo

• → English: tamas