खदिर

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts
  • খদিৰ (Assamese script)
  • ᬔᬤᬶᬭ (Balinese script)
  • খদির (Bengali script)
  • 𑰏𑰟𑰰𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
  • 𑀔𑀤𑀺𑀭 (Brahmi script)
  • ခဒိရ (Burmese script)
  • ખદિર (Gujarati script)
  • ਖਦਿਰ (Gurmukhi script)
  • 𑌖𑌦𑌿𑌰 (Grantha script)
  • ꦑꦢꦶꦫ (Javanese script)
  • 𑂎𑂠𑂱𑂩 (Kaithi script)
  • ಖದಿರ (Kannada script)
  • ខទិរ (Khmer script)
  • ຂທິຣ (Lao script)
  • ഖദിര (Malayalam script)
  • ᡘᠠᡩᡳᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
  • 𑘏𑘟𑘱𑘨 (Modi script)
  • ᠻᠠᢑᠢᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
  • 𑦯𑦿𑧒𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
  • 𑐏𑐡𑐶𑐬 (Newa script)
  • ଖଦିର (Odia script)
  • ꢓꢣꢶꢬ (Saurashtra script)
  • 𑆒𑆢𑆴𑆫 (Sharada script)
  • 𑖏𑖟𑖰𑖨 (Siddham script)
  • ඛදිර (Sinhalese script)
  • 𑩝𑩭𑩑𑩼 (Soyombo script)
  • 𑚋𑚛𑚮𑚤 (Takri script)
  • க²தி³ர (Tamil script)
  • ఖదిర (Telugu script)
  • ขทิร (Thai script)
  • ཁ་དི་ར (Tibetan script)
  • 𑒐𑒠𑒱𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
  • 𑨌𑨛𑨁𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

    Of uncertain origin.

    Due to its presence in Vedic texts, an Indo-European origin has been sought; however, little has been found. खद् (khad, “to be steady, be hard”) is apparently a back-formation from ख॒दि॒र (khadirá), and proposed relations to खाद् (khād) are phonetically and semantically unconvincing.[1][2]

    Due to the plant's status as native to South and Southeast Asia, it could be a loanword from a local language, such as Dravidian or Munda.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    ख॒दि॒र • (khadirá) stem, m [3][4]

    1. the catechu tree, Senegalia catechu, a deciduous, thorny tree known for its hard wood and multi-purpose heartwood extract

    Declension

    Masculine a-stem declension of ख॒दि॒र
    singular dual plural
    nominative ख॒दि॒रः (khadiráḥ) ख॒दि॒रौ (khadiráu)
    ख॒दि॒रा¹ (khadirā́¹)     		ख॒दि॒राः (khadirā́ḥ)
    ख॒दि॒रासः॑¹ (khadirā́saḥ¹)
    accusative ख॒दि॒रम् (khadirám) ख॒दि॒रौ (khadiráu)
    ख॒दि॒रा¹ (khadirā́¹)     		ख॒दि॒रान् (khadirā́n)
    instrumental ख॒दि॒रेण॑ (khadiréṇa) ख॒दि॒राभ्या॑म् (khadirā́bhyām) ख॒दि॒रैः (khadiráiḥ)
    ख॒दि॒रेभिः॑¹ (khadirébhiḥ¹)
    dative ख॒दि॒राय॑ (khadirā́ya) ख॒दि॒राभ्या॑म् (khadirā́bhyām) ख॒दि॒रेभ्यः॑ (khadirébhyaḥ)
    ablative ख॒दि॒रात् (khadirā́t) ख॒दि॒राभ्या॑म् (khadirā́bhyām) ख॒दि॒रेभ्यः॑ (khadirébhyaḥ)
    genitive ख॒दि॒रस्य॑ (khadirásya) ख॒दि॒रयोः॑ (khadiráyoḥ) ख॒दि॒राणा॑म् (khadirā́ṇām)
    locative ख॒दि॒रे (khadiré) ख॒दि॒रयोः॑ (khadiráyoḥ) ख॒दि॒रेषु॑ (khadiréṣu)
    vocative खदि॑र (khádira) खदि॑रौ (khádirau)
    खदि॑रा¹ (khádirā¹)     		खदि॑राः (khádirāḥ)
    खदि॑रासः¹ (khádirāsaḥ¹)
    • ¹Vedic

    Descendants

    • Pali: khadira
    • Prakrit: 𑀔𑀇𑀭 (khaïra), 𑀔𑀬𑀭 (khayara)
      • Central Indo-Aryan:
      • Eastern Indo-Aryan:
        • Bengali-Assamese:
        • Bihari:
          • Maithili: खयर (khayar)
      • Northern Indo-Aryan:
        • Nepali: खयर (khayar)
      • Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
      • Southern Indo-Aryan:
    Borrowed terms
    • → Bengali: খদির (khodir)
    • → Hindi: खदिर (khadir)

    References

    1. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 445
    2. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 301
    3. ^ Monier Williams (1899), “खदिर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 336/3.
    4. ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “khadirá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 200
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