ऋण

See also: ऋण्

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ऋण (ṛṇá).

Pronunciation

(Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /ɾɪɳ/, [ɾɪ̃ɳ]

Noun

ऋण • (ŕṇ) m

(finance) debt, loss
(mathematics, dated) subtraction sign
(chemistry, in compounds) negative charge
Synonym: ऋणावेश (ŕṇāveś) (independently)

Declension

Declension of ऋण (masc cons-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋण ŕṇ
oblique	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋणों ŕṇõ
vocative	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋणो ŕṇo

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ऋण (ṛṇa).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɾuɳ/, [ɾuːɳ]

Adjective

ऋण • (ŕṇ)

(mathematics) negative
Synonym: धन (dhan)

Noun

ऋण • (ŕṇ) n

(finance) debt, loss
Synonym: कर्ज (karj̈a)

Declension

Declension of ऋण (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	ऋण ŕṇ
direct plural	ऋणे, ऋणं ŕṇe, ŕṇa
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋणे, ऋणं ŕṇe, ŕṇa
oblique सामान्यरूप	ऋणा ŕṇā	ऋणां- ŕṇān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	ऋणाला ŕṇālā	ऋणांना ŕṇānnā
ergative	ऋणाने, ऋणानं ŕṇāne, ŕṇāna	ऋणांनी ŕṇānnī
instrumental	ऋणाशी ŕṇāśī	ऋणांशी ŕṇānśī
locative सप्तमी	ऋणात ŕṇāt	ऋणांत ŕṇāt
vocative संबोधन	ऋणा ŕṇā	ऋणांनो ŕṇānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of ऋण (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular^* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	oblique सामान्यरूप
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	ऋणाचा ŕṇāċā	ऋणाचे ŕṇāċe	ऋणाची ŕṇācī	ऋणाच्या ŕṇācā	ऋणाचे, ऋणाचं ŕṇāċe, ŕṇāċa	ऋणाची ŕṇācī	ऋणाच्या ŕṇācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	ऋणांचा ŕṇānċā	ऋणांचे ŕṇānċe	ऋणांची ŕṇāñcī	ऋणांच्या ŕṇāncā	ऋणांचे, ऋणांचं ŕṇānċe, ŕṇānċa	ऋणांची ŕṇāñcī	ऋणांच्या ŕṇāñcā
^* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

ऋणी (ŕṇī, “indebted, obliged”)

References

Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “ऋण”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

ঋণ (Assamese script)
ᬋᬡ (Balinese script)
ঋণ (Bengali script)
𑰆𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀋𑀡 (Brahmi script)
ၒဏ (Burmese script)
ઋણ (Gujarati script)
ਰਣ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌋𑌣 (Grantha script)
ꦉꦟ (Javanese script)
𑂩𑂱𑂝 (Kaithi script)
ಋಣ (Kannada script)
ឫណ (Khmer script)
ຣິຓ (Lao script)
ഋണ (Malayalam script)
ᡵᡳᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘆𑘜 (Modi script)
ᠷᠢᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦦𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
𑐆𑐞 (Newa script)
ଋଣ (Odia script)
ꢈꢠ (Saurashtra script)
𑆉𑆟 (Sharada script)
𑖆𑖜 (Siddham script)
ඍණ (Sinhalese script)
𑩐𑩙𑩪 (Soyombo script)
𑚘 (Takri script)
ரிண (Tamil script)
ఋణ (Telugu script)
ฤณ (Thai script)
རྀ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
𑒇𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
𑨫𑨉𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥nás, *Harnás (“debt, guilt”).^[1] Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬝𐬹𐬗𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (ar^ənat̰ caēša, “punishing guilt”), Khotanese [script needed] (ārra, “fault”), and possibly Hittite [script needed] (ar-nu-, “to pay for debts, make up damage”).^[2]

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /r̩.ɳɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /r̩.ɳɐ/

Noun

ऋ॒ण • (ṛṇá) stem, n

anything due, obligation, duty, debt
the obligations of a Brahman
anything wanted or missed
a debt of money, money owed
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 9.47.2:
  कृ॒तानीद॑स्य॒ कर्त्वा॒ चेत॑न्ते दस्यु॒तर्ह॑णा।
  ऋ॒णा च॑ धृ॒ष्णुश्च॑यते॥
  kṛtā́nī́dasya kártvā cétante dasyutárhaṇā.
  ṛṇā́ ca dhṛṣṇúścayate.
  His task is done: his crushings of the Dasyus are made manifest:
  He sternly reckoneth their debts.
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
- c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti
- c. 800 BCE, Yājñavalkya
guilt
(mathematics) a negative quality, minus
water
fort, stronghold

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of ऋ॒ण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऋ॒णम् (ṛṇám)	ऋ॒णे (ṛṇé)	ऋ॒णानि॑ (ṛṇā́ni) ऋ॒णा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)
accusative	ऋ॒णम् (ṛṇám)	ऋ॒णे (ṛṇé)	ऋ॒णानि॑ (ṛṇā́ni) ऋ॒णा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)
instrumental	ऋ॒णेन॑ (ṛṇéna)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णैः (ṛṇáiḥ) ऋ॒णेभिः॑¹ (ṛṇébhiḥ¹)
dative	ऋ॒णाय॑ (ṛṇā́ya)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णेभ्यः॑ (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
ablative	ऋ॒णात् (ṛṇā́t)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णेभ्यः॑ (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
genitive	ऋ॒णस्य॑ (ṛṇásya)	ऋ॒णयोः॑ (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋ॒णाना॑म् (ṛṇā́nām)
locative	ऋ॒णे (ṛṇé)	ऋ॒णयोः॑ (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋ॒णेषु॑ (ṛṇéṣu)
vocative	ऋण॑ (ṛ́ṇa)	ऋणे॑ (ṛ́ṇe)	ऋणा॑नि (ṛ́ṇāni) ऋणा॑¹ (ṛ́ṇā¹)

¹Vedic

Descendants

Gandhari: 𐨀𐨁𐨣 (ina)
→ Gujarati: ઋણ (ŕṇa)
Marathi: ऋण (ŕṇ)
Pali: iṇa
→ Tamil: இரணம் (iraṇam), இருணம் (iruṇam), ரணம் (raṇam)

Adjective

ऋ॒ण • (ṛṇá) stem

going, flying, fugitive
guilty, having gone against or transgressed

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of ऋ॒ण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऋ॒णः (ṛṇáḥ)	ऋ॒णौ (ṛṇáu) ऋ॒णा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)	ऋ॒णाः (ṛṇā́ḥ) ऋ॒णासः॑¹ (ṛṇā́saḥ¹)
accusative	ऋ॒णम् (ṛṇám)	ऋ॒णौ (ṛṇáu) ऋ॒णा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)	ऋ॒णान् (ṛṇā́n)
instrumental	ऋ॒णेन॑ (ṛṇéna)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णैः (ṛṇáiḥ) ऋ॒णेभिः॑¹ (ṛṇébhiḥ¹)
dative	ऋ॒णाय॑ (ṛṇā́ya)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णेभ्यः॑ (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
ablative	ऋ॒णात् (ṛṇā́t)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णेभ्यः॑ (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
genitive	ऋ॒णस्य॑ (ṛṇásya)	ऋ॒णयोः॑ (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋ॒णाना॑म् (ṛṇā́nām)
locative	ऋ॒णे (ṛṇé)	ऋ॒णयोः॑ (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋ॒णेषु॑ (ṛṇéṣu)
vocative	ऋण॑ (ṛ́ṇa)	ऋणौ॑ (ṛ́ṇau) ऋणा॑¹ (ṛ́ṇā¹)	ऋणाः॑ (ṛ́ṇāḥ) ऋणा॑सः¹ (ṛ́ṇāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of ऋ॒णा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऋ॒णा (ṛṇā́)	ऋ॒णे (ṛṇé)	ऋ॒णाः (ṛṇā́ḥ)
accusative	ऋ॒णाम् (ṛṇā́m)	ऋ॒णे (ṛṇé)	ऋ॒णाः (ṛṇā́ḥ)
instrumental	ऋ॒णया॑ (ṛṇáyā) ऋ॒णा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णाभिः॑ (ṛṇā́bhiḥ)
dative	ऋ॒णायै॑ (ṛṇā́yai)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णाभ्यः॑ (ṛṇā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	ऋ॒णायाः॑ (ṛṇā́yāḥ) ऋ॒णायै॑² (ṛṇā́yai²)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णाभ्यः॑ (ṛṇā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	ऋ॒णायाः॑ (ṛṇā́yāḥ) ऋ॒णायै॑² (ṛṇā́yai²)	ऋ॒णयोः॑ (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋ॒णाना॑म् (ṛṇā́nām)
locative	ऋ॒णाया॑म् (ṛṇā́yām)	ऋ॒णयोः॑ (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋ॒णासु॑ (ṛṇā́su)
vocative	ऋणे॑ (ṛ́ṇe)	ऋणे॑ (ṛ́ṇe)	ऋणाः॑ (ṛ́ṇāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of ऋ॒ण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऋ॒णम् (ṛṇám)	ऋ॒णे (ṛṇé)	ऋ॒णानि॑ (ṛṇā́ni) ऋ॒णा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)
accusative	ऋ॒णम् (ṛṇám)	ऋ॒णे (ṛṇé)	ऋ॒णानि॑ (ṛṇā́ni) ऋ॒णा¹ (ṛṇā́¹)
instrumental	ऋ॒णेन॑ (ṛṇéna)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णैः (ṛṇáiḥ) ऋ॒णेभिः॑¹ (ṛṇébhiḥ¹)
dative	ऋ॒णाय॑ (ṛṇā́ya)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णेभ्यः॑ (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
ablative	ऋ॒णात् (ṛṇā́t)	ऋ॒णाभ्या॑म् (ṛṇā́bhyām)	ऋ॒णेभ्यः॑ (ṛṇébhyaḥ)
genitive	ऋ॒णस्य॑ (ṛṇásya)	ऋ॒णयोः॑ (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋ॒णाना॑म् (ṛṇā́nām)
locative	ऋ॒णे (ṛṇé)	ऋ॒णयोः॑ (ṛṇáyoḥ)	ऋ॒णेषु॑ (ṛṇéṣu)
vocative	ऋण॑ (ṛ́ṇa)	ऋणे॑ (ṛ́ṇe)	ऋणा॑नि (ṛ́ṇāni) ऋणा॑¹ (ṛ́ṇā¹)

¹Vedic

References

Monier Williams (1899), “ऋण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 225/3.

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 425
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 254

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 425

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 254

[1]

[2]