इदम्
Sanskrit
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- ইদম্ (Assamese script)
- ᬇᬤᬫ᭄ (Balinese script)
- ইদম্ (Bengali script)
- 𑰂𑰟𑰦𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀇𑀤𑀫𑁆 (Brahmi script)
- ဣဒမ် (Burmese script)
- ઇદમ્ (Gujarati script)
- ਇਦਮ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌇𑌦𑌮𑍍 (Grantha script)
- ꦆꦢꦩ꧀ (Javanese script)
- 𑂅𑂠𑂧𑂹 (Kaithi script)
- ಇದಮ್ (Kannada script)
- ឥទម៑ (Khmer script)
- ອິທມ຺ (Lao script)
- ഇദമ് (Malayalam script)
- ᡳᡩᠠᠮ (Manchu script)
- 𑘂𑘟𑘦𑘿 (Modi script)
- ᠢᢑᠠᠮ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦢𑦿𑧆𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐂𑐡𑐩𑑂 (Newa script)
- ଇଦମ୍ (Odia script)
- ꢄꢣꢪ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆅𑆢𑆩𑇀 (Sharada script)
- 𑖂𑖟𑖦𑖿 (Siddham script)
- ඉදම් (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩐𑩑𑩭𑩴 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚂𑚛𑚢𑚶 (Takri script)
- இத³ம் (Tamil script)
- ఇదమ్ (Telugu script)
- อิทมฺ (Thai script)
- ཨི་ད་མ྄ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒃𑒠𑒧𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨀𑨁𑨛𑨢𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *id-ám. From there, the non-nominative-accusative forms are from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)e- (for example, masculine genitive singular अस्य (asya) < Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)esyo). Cognate with Latin id.
The nominative-accusative had undergone thematicization by the Vedic period, where इम्- (im-) and इद्- (id-) are based on the old accusatives in Proto-Indo-European *ím and *íd. Compare अदस् (adás), where other peculiar changes occured. The original neuter इद् (íd) survived as an indeclinable particle only in Vedic.
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /i.dɐ́m/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /i.d̪ɐm/
Pronoun
इ॒दम् • (idám)
- this (something near to the speaker)
Usage notes
The forms built from the stem अ (a) can occur as unstressed enclitics and are then used as anaphoric pronoun, forming a suppletive paradigm with एन (ena).
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | अ॒यम् (ayám) | इ॒मौ (imáu) इ॒मा¹ (imā́¹) |
इ॒मे (imé) |
| accusative | इ॒मम् (imám) | इ॒मौ (imáu) इ॒मा¹ (imā́¹) |
इ॒मान् (imā́n) |
| instrumental | अ॒नेन॑ (anéna) ए॒ना¹ (enā́¹) |
आ॒भ्याम् (ābhyā́m) | ए॒भिः (ebhíḥ) |
| dative | अ॒स्मै (asmái) | आ॒भ्याम् (ābhyā́m) | ए॒भ्यः (ebhyáḥ) |
| ablative | अ॒स्मात् (asmā́t) | आ॒भ्याम् (ābhyā́m) | ए॒भ्यः (ebhyáḥ) |
| genitive | अ॒स्य (asyá) इ॒मस्य॑¹ (imásya¹) |
अ॒नयोः॑ (anáyoḥ) अ॒योः¹ (ayóḥ¹) |
ए॒षाम् (eṣā́m) |
| locative | अ॒स्मिन् (asmín) | अ॒नयोः॑ (anáyoḥ) अ॒योः¹ (ayóḥ¹) |
ए॒षु (eṣú) |
| vocative | - | - | - |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | इ॒यम् (iyám) | इ॒मे (imé) | इ॒माः (imā́ḥ) |
| accusative | इ॒माम् (imā́m) | इ॒मे (imé) | इ॒माः (imā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | अ॒नया॑ (anáyā) अ॒या¹ (ayā́¹) |
आ॒भ्याम् (ābhyā́m) | आ॒भिः (ābhíḥ) |
| dative | अ॒स्यै (asyái) | आ॒भ्याम् (ābhyā́m) | आ॒भ्यः (ābhyáḥ) |
| ablative | अ॒स्याः (asyā́ḥ) | आ॒भ्याम् (ābhyā́m) | आ॒भ्यः (ābhyáḥ) |
| genitive | अ॒स्याः (asyā́ḥ) | अ॒नयोः॑ (anáyoḥ) अ॒योः¹ (ayóḥ¹) |
आ॒साम् (āsā́m) |
| locative | अ॒स्याम् (asyā́m) | अ॒नयोः॑ (anáyoḥ) अ॒योः¹ (ayóḥ¹) |
आ॒सु (āsú) |
| vocative | - | - | - |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | इ॒दम् (idám) | इ॒मे (imé) | इ॒मानि॑ (imā́ni) इ॒मा¹ (imā́¹) |
| accusative | इ॒दम् (idám) | इ॒मे (imé) | इ॒मानि॑ (imā́ni) इ॒मा¹ (imā́¹) |
| instrumental | अ॒नेन॑ (anéna) ए॒ना¹ (enā́¹) |
आ॒भ्याम् (ābhyā́m) | ए॒भिः (ebhíḥ) |
| dative | अ॒स्मै (asmái) | आ॒भ्याम् (ābhyā́m) | ए॒भ्यः (ebhyáḥ) |
| ablative | अ॒स्मात् (asmā́t) | आ॒भ्याम् (ābhyā́m) | ए॒भ्यः (ebhyáḥ) |
| genitive | अ॒स्य (asyá) इ॒मस्य॑¹ (imásya¹) |
अ॒नयोः॑ (anáyoḥ) अ॒योः¹ (ayóḥ¹) |
ए॒षाम् (eṣā́m) |
| locative | अ॒स्मिन् (asmín) | अ॒नयोः॑ (anáyoḥ) अ॒योः¹ (ayóḥ¹) |
ए॒षु (eṣú) |
| vocative | - | - | - |
- ¹Vedic
Adverb
इ॒दम् • (idám)
Descendants
- Pali: ima
- Prakrit: 𑀅𑀬𑀁 (ayaṃ), 𑀇𑀅𑀁 (iaṃ)
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “इदम्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 165, columns 2-3.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “ay-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 103
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “ayám”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 26