کم

See also: كم and گم

Pahari-Potwari

Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫 (kamma), from Sanskrit कर्म (karma).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kəmːᵊ/

Noun

کَمّ (kamm) m

  1. work, job, task

Persian

Etymology 1

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *kambʰ-
Proto-Iranian *kamb-
Proto-Iranian *kam(b)-na-
Middle Persian 𐭪𐭬 (km /⁠kam⁠/)
Persian کم

    Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭪𐭬 (km /⁠kam⁠/, “little, small”),[1] from Proto-Iranian *kam(b)-na- (“small”), from *kamb- (“small”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kambʰ- (“few, small, insignificant”). Probably further related to Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to arise, begin; new, fresh”).[2]

    Pronunciation

     

    Readings
    Classical reading? kam
    Dari reading? kam
    Iranian reading? kam
    Tajik reading? kam

    Adjective

    کم • (kam) (comparative کم‌تَر, superlative کم‌تَرین)

    Dari کم
    Iranian Persian
    Tajik кам
    1. few, little
      Synonyms: خجاره (xojâre), اندک (andak)
      Antonyms: زیاد (ziyâd), خیلی (xeyli)
    2. scarce, rare, lacking
    Usage notes

    Unlike most comparatives and superlatives, کم‌تر (kam-tar), and کم‌ترین (kam-tarin) are frequently written joined, as کمتر (kamtar) and کمترین (kamtarin)

    Derived terms

    (compound verbs)

    • کم آمدن (kam âmadan, “to run short, to become lacking”)
    • کم دادن (kam dâdan, “to shortchange”)
    • کم شدن (kam šodan, “to be diminished, to be reduced”)
    • کم کردن (kam kardan, “to reduce, to lessen”)
    • کم گرفتن (kam gereftan, “to slight, to look down on”)

    (others)

    Descendants
    • Indic:
      • Assamese: কম (kom)
      • Bengali: কম (kom)
      • Baluchi: کم
      • → Hindustani:
        Hindi: कम (kam), कम- (kam-)
        Urdu: کم (kam)
      • Kashmiri: کم (km)
      • Marathi: कमी (kamī)
      • Nepali: कम (kam)
      • Odia: କମ (kama)
      • → Punjabi:
        Gurmukhi script: ਕਮ (kam)
        Shahmukhi script: کم (kam)
      • Santali: ᱠᱚᱢ (kôm)
      • → Tamil: கம்மி (kammi)
    • → Old Anatolian Turkish: كم (kem)
      • Azerbaijani: kəm
      • Ottoman Turkish: كم (kem)
    • → Bashkir: кәм (kəm, “insufficient, scarce; inferior”)
      • → Palula: kam
    • → Kazakh: кем (kem)
    • → Tatar: ким (kim)
    • → Uzbek: kam
    • → Yaghnobi: кам (kam)

    Etymology 2

    Noun

    کم • (kom)

    1. (dialectal, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) alternative form of شکم (šekam, “belly; abdomen; tummy; stomach”)
    Derived terms
    • کم‌گنده (kom-gonde, “potbellied”)

    Etymology 3

    Pronoun

    کم • (kam)

    1. (dialectal, Khesht, Konartakhteh) alternative form of کدام (kodâm, “which”)

    References

    1. ^ Nourai, Ali (2011), “Kamma, Quômn, Sqombh-no”, in An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 208
    2. ^ Edelʹman, D. I. (2011), “*kamb- : kab-, *kambna- : kabna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 193

    Punjabi

    Etymology

    Inherited from Prakrit 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫 (kamma), from Sanskrit कर्म (karma).

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /kəmːᵊ/

    Noun

    کَمّ • (kamm) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕੰਮ)

    1. work, job, task

    Further reading

    • “کم”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2026

    Southwestern Fars

    Noun

    کم (kom)

    1. (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) belly
    2. (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) abdomen
    3. (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) tummy
    4. (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) stomach

    Urdu

    Etymology

    Borrowed from Classical Persian کم (kam, “little, few”).

    Pronunciation

    • (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /kəm/
    • Audio:(file)

    Adjective

    کَم • (kam) (indeclinable, comparative کَمْتَر (kamtar), superlative کَمتَرِین (kamtarīn), Hindi spelling कम)

    1. less (in lower degree; to smaller extent)
      Antonyms: زیادَہ (zyāda), بَہُت (bahut)
    2. little (not much)
      Synonym: تھوڑا (thoṛā)
      Antonyms: زیادَہ (zyāda), بَہُت (bahut)

    Derived terms

    • کَم اَز کَم (kam az kam)

    Adverb

    کَم • (kam) (Hindi spelling कम)

    1. less (in lower degree; to smaller extent)
      Antonyms: زیادَہ (zyāda), بَہُت (bahut)
    2. little (not much)
      Synonym: تھوڑا (thoṛā)
      Antonyms: زیادَہ (zyāda), بَہُت (bahut)

    Determiner

    کَم • (kam) (Hindi spelling कम)

    1. few
      Antonym: بَہُت (bahut)
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