رقیب
See also: رقيب
Ottoman Turkish
Alternative forms
- րագիպ (rakib) — Armeno-Turkish
Etymology
Borrowed from Classical Persian رقیب (raqīb, “rival, competitor”), from Arabic رَقِيب (raqīb, “watchman, guard, sentry”).
Noun
رقیب • (rakib) (feminine رقیبه (rakibe), definite accusative رقیبی (rakibi), plural رقبا (rukaba))
Declension
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
- رقیب اولمق (rakib olmak, “to compete”)
Descendants
- Turkish: rakip
Further reading
click to expand
- Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1886), “رقیب”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume II, Paris: E. Leroux, page 22
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “rakip”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 4, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3935
- Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962), “rakîb”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat[1] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 1050
- Kélékian, Diran (1911), “رقیب”, in Dictionnaire turc-français[2] (in French), Constantinople: Mihran, page 626
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687), “Rivalis”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum[3], Vienna, columns 1487-1488
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680), “رقیب”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum[4], Vienna, column 2351
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “rakip”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Redhouse, James W. (1890), “رقیب”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[5], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 984
Persian
Etymology
Borrowed from Arabic رَقِيب (raqīb), from رَقَبَ (raqaba). The semantic shift is already found in medieval poetry: "guardian of the beloved [who prevents the lover from seeing her]" > "rival in love" > "rival, competitor [in general]."
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): /ra.ˈqiːb/
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [rä.qíːb]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ɹæ.ʁíːb̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ɾä.qíb]
| Readings | |
|---|---|
| Classical reading? | raqīb |
| Dari reading? | raqīb |
| Iranian reading? | raġib |
| Tajik reading? | raqib |
Noun
رقیب • (raqīb / raġib) (plural رقیبان (raqībān / raġibân), or رقیبها (raqīb-hā / raġib-hâ), or رقبا (ruqabā), Tajik spelling рақиб)
- watcher
- rival, competitor, adversary, antagonist
- c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 98:
- بر رقیبان افکنی هر دم نظر حیف و دریغ
اینچنین ضایع چه میسازی نگاه خویش را- bar raqībān afkanī har dam nazar hayf u dirēġ
īnčunīn zāyi' či mēsāzī nigāh-i xwēš rā - Every moment, you cast looks at [my] rivals [in love]: such a pity, alas!
Why do you waste your glances in such a way?
- bar raqībān afkanī har dam nazar hayf u dirēġ
- (archaic, original sense) guardian, keeper
- Synonym: نگهبان (negahbân)
Descendants
- → Azerbaijani: rəqib
- → Georgian: რაყიფი (raq̇ipi)
- → Hindustani:
- → Ottoman Turkish: رقیب (rakib)
- Turkish: rakip
Further reading
- Vullers, Johann August (1856–1864), “رقیب”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum[6] (in Latin), volume II, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 48
- Hayyim, Sulayman (1934), “رقیب”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
- Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–), “رقیب”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Urdu
Etymology
Etymology tree
Borrowed from Classical Persian رَقِیب (raqīb), borrowed from Arabic رَقِيب (raqīb), from رَقَبَ (raqaba).[1][2] First attested in c. 1564 as Middle Hindi رَقِیب (rqyb /raqīb/).[3]
Pronunciation
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /ɾə.qiːb/
- Rhymes: -iːb
- Syllabification: رَ‧قِیب
Noun
رَقِیب • (raqīb) m (Hindi spelling रक़ीब)
- watcher
- rival; competitor (especially in love; enemy)
- (dated) one who watches over (guardian, guard; watchman, waiter of something)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | رَقِیب (raqīb) | رَقِیب (raqīb) |
| oblique | رَقِیب (raqīb) | رَقِیبوں (raqībõ) |
| vocative | رَقِیب (raqīb) | رَقِیبو (raqībo) |
References
- ^ Platts, John T. (1884), “رقيب”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 596
- ^ Fallon, S. W. (1879), “رقیب”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
- ^ “رقیب”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
Further reading
- “رقیب”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2026.
- Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971), “رقيب”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co., page 335
- John Shakespear (1834), “رقیب”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC