э-
See also: Appendix:Variations of "e"
Southern Altai
Etymology
From Proto-Turkic *er-. Compare to Turkish imek.
Verb
э- • (e-) (auxiliary, in the forms of the definite past only)
- Used after a past participle, forming the pluperfect tense of a verb.
- Used after a future participle, forming the future in the past tense of a verb.
- to be (auxiliary)
Conjugation
Conjugation of э-
| POSITIVE | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg | 1st person pl | 2nd person pl formal |
3rd person pl | |||
| Indicative mood |
Present | эм (em) | эҥ (eŋ) | э (e) | эбис (ebis) | эгер (eger) | элер (eler) | |
| Past | Indef. | эгем (egem) | эгензиҥ (egenziŋ) | эген (egen) | эгенибис (egenibis) | эгенигер (egeniger) | эгендер (egender) | |
| Def. | эдим (edim) | эдиҥ (ediŋ) | эди (edi) | эдик (edik) | эдигер (ediger) | эдилер (ediler) | ||
| Future | Indef. | эрим (erim) | эриҥ (eriŋ) | эр (er) | эрибис (eribis) | эригер (eriger) | эрлер (erler) | |
| Def. | None | None | None | None | None | None | ||
| Conditional mood |
эзем (ezem) | эзеҥ (ezeŋ) | эзе (eze) | эзебис (ezebis) | эзегер (ezeger) | эзелер (ezeler) | ||
| Imperative mood | эйин (eyin) | э (e) | эзин (ezin) | эйлик (eylik) | эгилегер (egileger) | эзиндер (ezinder) | ||
| Nonfinite verb forms | Past part. | Present Perfective Gerund | Present Imperfective Gerund | Future part. | Future part. in -атан (-atan) | |||
| эген (egen) | эп (ep) | эй (ey) | эр (er) | эйтен (eyten) | ||||
| Verbal noun | Pre-action gerund | Infinitive I | Infinitive II | |||||
| эш (eš) | эгенче (egenče) | эр, эгежин (er, egežin) | э (e) | |||||
| NEGATIVE | ||||||||
| 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg | 1st person pl | 2nd person pl formal |
3rd person pl | |||
| Indicative mood |
Present | эбем (ebem) | эбеҥ (ebeŋ) | эбе (ebe) | эбебис (ebebis) | эбегер (ebeger) | эбелер (ebeler) | |
| Past | Indef. | эбегем (ebegem) | эбегензиҥ (ebegenziŋ) | эбеген (ebegen) | эбегенибис (ebegenibis) | эбегенигер (ebegeniger) | эбегендер (ebegender) | |
| Def. | эбедим (ebedim) | эбедиҥ (ebediŋ) | эбеди (ebedi) | эбедик (ebedik) | эбедигер (ebediger) | эбедилер (ebediler) | ||
| Future | Indef. | эмезим (emezim) | эмезиҥ (emeziŋ) | эмес (emes) | эмезибис (emezibis) | эмезигер (emeziger) | эместер (emester) | |
| Def. | None | None | None | None | None | None | ||
| Conditional mood |
эмезем (emezem) | эмезеҥ (emezeŋ) | эмезе (emeze) | эмезек (emezek) | эмезегер (emezeger) | эмезелер (emezeler) | ||
| Imperative mood | эбейин (ebeyin) | эбе (ebe) | эбезин (ebezin) | эбейлик (ebeylik) | эбегилегер (ebegileger) | эбезиндер (ebezinder) | ||
| Nonfinite verb forms | Past part. | Present Perfective Gerund | Present Imperfective Gerund | Future part. | Future part. in -атан (-atan) | |||
| эбеген (ebegen) | эбеп (ebep) | эбей (ebey) | эбеер (ebeer) | эбейтен (ebeyten) | ||||
| Verbal noun | Pre-action gerund | Infinitive I | Infinitive II | |||||
| эбеш (ebeš) | эбегенче (ebegenče) | эбеер, эбегежин (ebeer, ebegežin) | эбӱ (ebü) | |||||
References
N. A. Baskakov, Toščakova N.A, editor (1947), “э-”, in Ojrotsko-Russkij Slovarʹ [Oyrot-Russian Dictionary], Moscow: M.: OGIZ, →ISBN