χαλκός

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

  • καυχός (kaukhós) — Cretan

Etymology

    Unknown. Has been compared to Proto-Slavic *želězo (“iron”), Latin ferrum, and Hittite [script needed] (ḫapalki-). Perhaps related to κάλχη (kálkhē, “purple”). Ultimately, Proto-Indo-European origin seems unlikely and the word is probably a borrowing from an eastern substrate.[1]

    Cognate to Mycenaean Greek 𐀏𐀏𐀩𐀀 (ka-ka-re-a), 𐀏𐀒 (ka-ko, “copper”).

    Pronunciation

     

    Noun

    χᾰλκός • (khălkós) m (genitive χᾰλκοῦ); second declension

    1. copper
    2. bronze (copper alloyed with tin)
    3. (poetic) anything made of metal
    4. a copperware or bronzeware object
      1. a cauldron
      2. an urn; especially a cinerary urn (containing ashes of the dead)
      3. a bronze plate
    5. copper money
    6. the chalcus (variously equivalent to 1⁄6, 1⁄8, 1⁄10 or 1⁄12 of an obolus, depending on the city and time period)
      1. a copper coin
      2. a unit of weight

    Declension

    Second declension of ὁ χᾰλκός; τοῦ χᾰλκοῦ (Attic)
    Case / # Singular Dual Plural
    Nominative ὁ χᾰλκός
    ho khălkós     		τὼ χᾰλκώ
    tṑ khălkṓ     		οἱ χᾰλκοί
    hoi khălkoí
    Genitive τοῦ χᾰλκοῦ
    toû khălkoû     		τοῖν χᾰλκοῖν
    toîn khălkoîn     		τῶν χᾰλκῶν
    tôn khălkôn
    Dative τῷ χᾰλκῷ
    tōî khălkōî     		τοῖν χᾰλκοῖν
    toîn khălkoîn     		τοῖς χᾰλκοῖς
    toîs khălkoîs
    Accusative τὸν χᾰλκόν
    tòn khălkón     		τὼ χᾰλκώ
    tṑ khălkṓ     		τοὺς χᾰλκούς
    toùs khălkoús
    Vocative χᾰλκέ
    khălké     		χᾰλκώ
    khălkṓ     		χᾰλκοί
    khălkoí
    Notes:
    • This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.
    Second declension of χᾰλκός; χᾰλκοῖο / χᾰλκόο / χᾰλκοῦ (Epic)
    Case / # Singular Dual Plural
    Nominative χᾰλκός
    khălkós     		χᾰλκώ
    khălkṓ     		χᾰλκοί
    khălkoí
    Genitive χᾰλκοῖο / χᾰλκόο / χᾰλκοῦ
    khălkoîo / khălkóo / khălkoû     		χᾰλκοῖῐ̈ν
    khălkoîĭ̈n     		χᾰλκῶν
    khălkôn
    Dative χᾰλκῷ
    khălkōî     		χᾰλκοῖῐ̈ν
    khălkoîĭ̈n     		χᾰλκοῖσῐ / χᾰλκοῖσῐν / χᾰλκοῖς
    khălkoîsĭ(n) / khălkoîs
    Accusative χᾰλκόν
    khălkón     		χᾰλκώ
    khălkṓ     		χᾰλκούς
    khălkoús
    Vocative χᾰλκέ
    khălké     		χᾰλκώ
    khălkṓ     		χᾰλκοί
    khălkoí
    Notes:
    • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.
    Second declension of ὁ χᾰλκός; τοῦ χᾰλκοῦ (Ionic)
    Case / # Singular Dual Plural
    Nominative ὁ χᾰλκός
    ho khălkós     		τὼ χᾰλκώ
    tṑ khălkṓ     		οἱ χᾰλκοί
    hoi khălkoí
    Genitive τοῦ χᾰλκοῦ
    toû khălkoû     		τοῖν χᾰλκοῖν
    toîn khălkoîn     		τῶν χᾰλκῶν
    tôn khălkôn
    Dative τῷ χᾰλκῷ
    tōî khălkōî     		τοῖν χᾰλκοῖν
    toîn khălkoîn     		τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν χᾰλκοῖσῐ / χᾰλκοῖσῐν
    toîsĭ(n) khălkoîsĭ(n)
    Accusative τὸν χᾰλκόν
    tòn khălkón     		τὼ χᾰλκώ
    tṑ khălkṓ     		τοὺς χᾰλκούς
    toùs khălkoús
    Vocative χᾰλκέ
    khălké     		χᾰλκώ
    khălkṓ     		χᾰλκοί
    khălkoí
    Notes:
    • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • Greek: χαλκός (chalkós)
    • → Arabic: حَلْقُوس (ḥalqūs), حَلْقُوص (ḥalqūṣ), حَرْقُوس (ḥarqūs), حَرْقُوص (ḥarqūṣ), خَلْقُوس (ḵalqūs), خَلْقُوص (ḵalqūṣ)
      • → French: harkous, harqous

    References

    1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χαλκός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1611-2

    Further reading

    Greek

    Etymology

    Learnedly, from Ancient Greek χαλκός (khalkós) & semantic loan from English bronze.[1]

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /xalˈkos/
    • Hyphenation: χαλ‧κός

    Noun

    χαλκός • (chalkós) m (plural χαλκοί)

    1. (chemistry, metallurgy) copper

    Declension

    Declension of χαλκός
    singular plural
    nominative χαλκός (chalkós) χαλκοί (chalkoí)
    genitive χαλκού (chalkoú) χαλκών (chalkón)
    accusative χαλκό (chalkó) χαλκούς (chalkoús)
    vocative χαλκέ (chalké) χαλκοί (chalkoí)


    Usually in the singular.

    Coordinate terms

    • Appendix:Greek names for chemical elements

    Derived terms

    • χαλκο- (chalko-, “copper, copper coloured”, prefix)
    Greek terms prefixed with χαλκο-
    χαλκογόνο
    χαλκοκουρούνα
    χαλκόχρωμος

    and

    • επιχάλκωση f (epichálkosi)
    • ορειχάλκινος (oreichálkinos, “bronze”, adjective)
    • ορείχαλκος m (oreíchalkos, “bronze”)
    • χαλκείο n (chalkeío)
    • χάλκευμα n (chálkevma)
    • χάλκευση f (chálkefsi)
    • χαλκευτήριο n (chalkeftírio)
    • χαλκευτής m (chalkeftís)
    • χαλκεύω (chalkévo)
    • χαλκιάς m (chalkiás)
    • χάλκινος (chálkinos, “made of copper”, adjective)
    • χαλκουργείο n (chalkourgeío)
    • χαλκουργός m (chalkourgós)
    • χαλκούς (chalkoús, “made of copper”, adjective) (formal)
    • χάλκωμα n (chálkoma)
    • χαλκωματάδικο n (chalkomatádiko)
    • χαλκωματάς m (chalkomatás)
    • χαλκωρυχείο n (chalkorycheío)

    Not related to χαλκάς m (chalkás)

    References

    1. ^ χαλκός, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language

    Further reading

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