χάρις

See also: Χάρις

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From the same root as χαίρω (khaírō, “to be happy”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰá.ris/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkʰa.ris/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈxa.ris/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈxa.ris/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈxa.ris/

Noun

χᾰ́ρῐς • (khắrĭs) f (genitive χᾰ́ρῐτος); third declension

beauty, elegance, charm, grace
favourable disposition towards someone: grace, favor, goodwill
1. (Judaism, Christianity) the grace or favor of God
2. a voluntary act of goodwill
gratitude, thanks
Synonym: μοῖτος (moîtos)
influence (opposite force)
gratification, delight

Usage notes

In the religious sense, it was first used in the Septuagint as a semantic loan from Biblical Hebrew חֵן (ḥēn), for instance in Genesis 6:8:
- וְנֹ֕חַ מָ֥צָא חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינֵ֥י יְהוָֽה׃
  wə-nōaḥ māṣāʾ ḥēn bə-ʿēynēy yəhwāh.
  And Noah found grace in the eyes of YHWH.
- 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 6.8:
  Νωε δὲ εὗρεν χάριν ἐναντίον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ.
  Nōe dè heûren khárin enantíon kuríou toû theoû.
  Noah found grace [or favor] before the Lord God.

The irregular accusative singular χάριν (khárin) is far more common, but χάριτα (khárita) is used in later works. There is also an alternate dative plural: χαρίτεσσι (kharítessi).

Declension

Third declension of ἡ χᾰ́ρῐς; τῆς χᾰ́ρῐτος (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ἡ χᾰ́ρῐς hē khắrĭs	τὼ χᾰ́ρῐτε tṑ khắrĭte	αἱ χᾰ́ρῐτες hai khắrĭtes
Genitive	τῆς χᾰ́ρῐτος tês khắrĭtos	τοῖν χᾰρῐ́τοιν toîn khărĭ́toin	τῶν χᾰρῐ́των tôn khărĭ́tōn
Dative	τῇ χᾰ́ρῐτῐ tēî khắrĭtĭ	τοῖν χᾰρῐ́τοιν toîn khărĭ́toin	ταῖς χᾰ́ρῐσῐ / χᾰ́ρῐσῐν taîs khắrĭsĭ(n)
Accusative	τὴν χᾰ́ρῐν / χᾰ́ρῐτα tḕn khắrĭn / khắrĭta	τὼ χᾰ́ρῐτε tṑ khắrĭte	τᾱ̀ς χᾰ́ρῐτᾰς tā̀s khắrĭtăs
Vocative	χᾰ́ρῐ khắrĭ	χᾰ́ρῐτε khắrĭte	χᾰ́ρῐτες khắrĭtes
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension. Nominative singular -ς (-s) arose by reduction of the original cluster -τς (-ts).

Third declension of χᾰ́ρῐς; χᾰ́ρῐτος (Epic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	χᾰ́ρῐς khắrĭs	χᾰ́ρῐτε khắrĭte	χᾰ́ρῐτες khắrĭtes
Genitive	χᾰ́ρῐτος khắrĭtos	χᾰρῐ́τοιῐ̈ν khărĭ́toiĭ̈n	χᾰρῐ́των khărĭ́tōn
Dative	χᾰ́ρῐτῐ khắrĭtĭ	χᾰρῐ́τοιῐ̈ν khărĭ́toiĭ̈n	χᾰ́ρῐσῐ / χᾰ́ρῐσῐν / χᾰ́ρῐσσῐ / χᾰ́ρῐσσῐν / χᾰρῐ́εσσῐ / χᾰρῐ́εσσῐν khắrĭsĭ(n) / khắrĭssĭ(n) / khărĭ́essĭ(n)
Accusative	χᾰ́ρῐν khắrĭn	χᾰ́ρῐτε khắrĭte	χᾰ́ρῐτᾰς khắrĭtăs
Vocative	χᾰ́ρῐ khắrĭ	χᾰ́ρῐτε khắrĭte	χᾰ́ρῐτες khắrĭtes
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. Nominative singular -ς (-s) arose by reduction of the original cluster -τς (-ts).

Third declension of ἡ χᾰ́ρῐς; τῆς χᾰ́ρῐτος (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ἡ χᾰ́ρῐς hē khắrĭs	τὼ χᾰ́ρῐτε tṑ khắrĭte	αἱ χᾰ́ρῐτες hai khắrĭtes
Genitive	τῆς χᾰ́ρῐτος tês khắrĭtos	τοῖν χᾰρῐ́τοιν toîn khărĭ́toin	τῶν χᾰρῐ́των tôn khărĭ́tōn
Dative	τῇ χᾰ́ρῐτῐ tēî khắrĭtĭ	τοῖν χᾰρῐ́τοιν toîn khărĭ́toin	τῇσῐ / τῇσῐν χᾰ́ρῐσῐ / χᾰ́ρῐσῐν tēîsĭ(n) khắrĭsĭ(n)
Accusative	τὴν χᾰ́ρῐν / χᾰ́ρῐτα tḕn khắrĭn / khắrĭta	τὼ χᾰ́ρῐτε tṑ khắrĭte	τᾱ̀ς χᾰ́ρῐτᾰς tā̀s khắrĭtăs
Vocative	χᾰ́ρῐ khắrĭ	χᾰ́ρῐτε khắrĭte	χᾰ́ρῐτες khắrĭtes
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. Nominative singular -ς (-s) arose by reduction of the original cluster -τς (-ts).

Derived terms

ἀχαριστέω (akharistéō)
ἀχάριστος (akháristos)
εὔχᾰρῐς (eúkhărĭs)
εὐχαριστέω (eukharistéō)
εὐχάριστος (eukháristos)
Λεοχάρης (Leokhárēs)
Χάρης (Khárēs)
χαρίεις (kharíeis)
χαρίζομαι (kharízomai)
Χάρις (Kháris)
χάρισμα (khárisma)
χαριτόω (kharitóō)
Χαρίτων (Kharítōn)

Descendants

→ Coptic: ⲭⲁⲣⲓⲥ (kharis)
⇒ Greek: χάρη (chári)
→ Romanian: har

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χάρις”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1615

“χάρις”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“χάρις”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“χάρις”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
χάρις in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
χάρις in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“χάρις”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G5485 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- allurement idem, page 25.
- amenity idem, page 27.
- attraction idem, page 51.
- benefaction idem, page 73.
- bias idem, page 78.
- boon idem, page 89.
- bounty idem, page 91.
- charm idem, page 126.
- daintiness idem, page 193.
- elegance idem, page 265.
- enchantment idem, page 270.
- fancifulness idem, page 306.
- fascination idem, page 308.
- favour idem, page 311.
- grace idem, page 368.
- gracefulness idem, page 368.
- graciousness idem, page 368.
- gratefulness idem, page 370.
- gratitude idem, page 371.
- indulgence idem, page 435.
- kindness idem, page 469.
- magic idem, page 507.
- niceness idem, page 558.
- obligation idem, page 565.
- offering idem, page 571.
- office idem, page 571.
- pleasantness idem, page 619.
- polish idem, page 624.
- politeness idem, page 625.
- popularity idem, page 626.
- prettiness idem, page 638.
- recognition idem, page 680.
- refinement idem, page 684.
- seductiveness idem, page 748.
- service idem, page 755.
- sweetness idem, page 848.
- taste idem, page 856.
- tastefulness idem, page 856.
- thank-offering idem, page 863.
- thankfulness idem, page 863.
- thanks idem, page 863.
- turn idem, page 901.
- winsomeness idem, page 982.
- witchery idem, page 983.

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χάρις”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1615

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