Tabaru people
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 20,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Indonesia (Halmahera) | |
| Languages | |
| Tabaru, North Moluccan Malay, and Indonesian | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (majority), Islam, and animism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Ibu • Modole • Galela • Tobelo |
The Tabaru people, also known as Tobaru,[1] is an ethnic group originating from the province of North Maluku, inhabiting the northwestern part of the island of Halmahera, Indonesia.[2] According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia, their population is 20,000 people.[3] They belong to the group of North Halmahera-speaking peoples,[3][4] they are one of the most numerous peoples of Halmahera.[5] Just like other indigenous people of Maluku, they practice the cakalele dance.[6]
Language and origin
They speak Tabaru language, which does not belong to the Austronesian language family,[2] as well as Indonesian and local Malay language known as North Moluccan Malay.[7] Linguistically, they are close to other Halmahera peoples such as the Galela and the Tobelo.[8] Although in some sources, they are loosely classified as the Ibu people.[9] According to local tradition, however, they come from Sangihe Islands,[10][11] i.e. from the area of Philippine languages.[12] The name "Tobaru" itself is supposed to mean 'new (newly arrived) people'.[13][14]
Sub-groups
The homeland of the Tabaru people is considered to be the upper Ibu River basin, but there are also clusters of this people in various parts of northern Halmahera.[5] They are divided into two territorial groups, namely the Tobaru Nyeku and Tobaru Adu.[11] This division corresponds to certain dialectal differences.[15][16] The variety of the Tabaru language from the area around the Tuada village (south of Jailolo) has developed its own features.[5] The forms "Tabaru" and "Tobaru" are interchangeable, with the latter being used by different ethnic groups.[17][18]
Religion
Most of them are Christian.[19] Some of them accepted Islam under the influence of the Tidore people, with whom they maintain closer contacts.[20] At the beginning of the 20th century, some Tabaru people led a nomadic lifestyle.[21] At the same time, the missionary and linguist J. Fortgens was active in the region.[15][22]
See also
References
- ^ Ichi, Mahmud (2021). "Orang Tobaru dan Tradisi Menanam". baktinews.bakti.or.id (in Indonesian). Bakti News. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
- ^ a b c Melalatoa, M. Junus (1995). "Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia Jilid L–Z" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. p. 862. OCLC 1027453789. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ a b c Czlenow, Michaił Anatoljewicz. "Siewierochalmachierskije narody" (in Russian). Great Russian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
- ^ a b Czlenow, Michaił Anatoljewicz (1998), "Siewierochalmachierskije narody", in Walerij Aleksandrowicz Tiszkow (ed.), Narody i rieligii mira: encykłopiedija (PDF) (in Russian), Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia, p. 474, ISBN 5-85270-155-6, OCLC 40821169, retrieved 2024-07-14
- ^ a b c van Fraassen (1980), p. 110.
- ^ Aprilia, Annisa (30 April 2018). "Lihat Tari Cakalele Tabaru yang Gunakan Kostum Tradisional Serba Alami". travel.okezone.com (in Indonesian). Okezone. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
- ^ a b Lewis, M. Paul; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2015). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (18th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
- ^ Voorhoeve (1988), p. 186.
- ^ van Fraassen (1980), p. 109.
- ^ Voorhoeve (1983), p. 8.
- ^ a b Jäger (2018), p. 63.
- ^ Voorhoeve (1994), p. 652.
- ^ Voorhoeve (1983), p. 9.
- ^ Jäger (2018), p. 64.
- ^ a b Voorhoeve (1988), p. 189.
- ^ Grimes & Grimes (1984), p. 53.
- ^ Fortgens (1928), p. 390.
- ^ Kotynski (1988), p. 146.
- ^ Lucardie (1985), p. 85.
- ^ a b Probojo, Lany (1998), Tradition und Moderne in Tidore, Indonesien: die Instrumentalisierung islamischer Rituale und ihre politische Relevanz (in German), Muenster: Lit, p. 81, ISBN 3-8258-3633-9, OCLC 845035525
- ^ Visser & Voorhoeve (1987), p. 74, Note 6.
- ^ Visser & Voorhoeve (1987), p. 8.
Bibliography
- J. Fortgens (1928). "Grammaticale aantekeningen van het Tabaroesch, Tabaroesche volksverhalen en raadsels". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). p. 300–544.
- Christiaan F. van Fraassen (1980). "Types of sociopolitical structure in North Halmaheran history". In Masinambow, E.K.M. (ed.). Halmahera dan Raja Ampat: konsep dan strategi penelitian. Jakarta: Lembaga Ekonomi dan Kemasyarakatan Nasional, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LEKNAS-LIPI). pp. 87–150. OCLC 7407482.
- Charles E. Grimes; Barbara D. Grimes (1984). "Languages of the North Moluccas: a preliminary lexicostatistic classification". In Masinambow, E.K.M. (ed.). Maluku dan Irian Jaya. Buletin LEKNAS III.1. Jakarta: Lembaga Ekonomi dan Kemasyarakatan Nasional, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LEKNAS-LIPI). pp. 35–63. OCLC 54222413.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Edward A. Kotynski (1988). "Tabaru phonology and morphology". Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session. p. 143–216. doi:10.31356/silwp.vol32.06. ISSN 0361-4700. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- Kirsten Jäger (2018). "Das Sultanat Jailolo: Die Revitalisierung von „traditionellen" politischen Gemeinwesen in Indonesien". Comparative Anthropological Studies in Society, Cosmology and Politics 11 (in German). Berlin: LIT Verlag. ISBN 978-3-643-13325-0. OCLC 1029023314.
- Ronald Lucardie (1985). "Spontaneous and Planned Movement Among the Makianese of Eastern Indonesia". Pacific Viewpoint. p. 63–78. doi:10.1111/apv.261004. ISSN 0030-8978. OCLC 7903981110. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- Leontine E. Visser; Clemens L. Voorhoeve (1987). Sahu-Indonesian-English dictionary and Sahu grammar sketch. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 126. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. doi:10.1163/9789004487574. ISBN 978-90-04-48757-4. OCLC 17209362.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Clemens L. Voorhoeve (1983). "Some Observations on North-Moluccan Malay". In James T. Collins (ed.). Studies in Malay Dialects, Part II. NUSA Monograph Series 17. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA, Universitas Atma Jaya. pp. 1–13.
- Clemens L. Voorhoeve (1988). "The languages of the North Halmaheran stock". Papers in New Guinea linguistics. No. 26. Pacific Linguistics A-76. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 181–209. doi:10.15144/PL-A76.181. ISBN 0-85883-370-0. OCLC 220535054.
- Clemens L. Voorhoeve (1994). "Contact-induced change in the non-Austronesian languages in the north Moluccas, Indonesia". In Tom Dutton, Darrell T. Tryon (ed.). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 77. Berlin–New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 649–674. doi:10.1515/9783110883091.649. ISBN 978-3-11-088309-1. OCLC 853258768.