Sudhammaraja

Sudhammaraja
สุธรรมราชา
King of Phraek Si Racha–Phitsanulok
King of Xiū Luó Fēn's Phraek Si Racha
Reign935–937 or
922–937[a]
PredecessorSai Nam Peung
SuccessorSindhob Amarin
King of Xiū Luó Fēn's Phitsanulok
Reign937–970 or
937–957[a]
PredecessorCity established
SuccessorVisnuraja
Born920 or 907
Phraek Si Racha
Died970 or 957
Phitsanulok
ConsortŚrīprajārājadevī
FatherSai Nam Peung of Phraek Si Racha

Sudhammarāja (Thai: สุธรรมราชา), a monarch of the 10th century, is recorded in the Ayutthaya Testimonies as the ruler of Phitsanulok and Phra Nakhon Sawan Buri[6] (พระนครสวรรค์บุรี; identified as modern Sankhaburi in the Phraek Si Racha historical region).[7] He is described as having ascended the throne at the age of 15, succeeding his father, Sai Nam Peung, and ruling the polity for a period of 35 years.[8] Based on retrospective chronology, his reign is estimated to have extended from 935 to 970 CE, suggesting his birth year was approximately 920 CE.[b] Sudhammarāja entered into matrimony with Śrīprajārājadevī (ศิริประชาราชเทวี); however, no extant record provides information concerning their progeny.[8]

The reign of Sudhammarāja is notably associated with the establishment of Phitsanulok, to which he subsequently transferred his seat of power.[8] Although the Ayutthaya Testimonies does not explicitly specify the precise date of Phitsanulok's foundation, it refers to another monarch of Phra Nakhon Sawan Buri named Sindhob Amarin,[9] who is likewise recorded in the Northern Chronicle.[10]: 31–3  According to the Northern Chronicle, Sindhob Amarin reigned for 59 years before he died in 996 CE, indicating that his accession likely occurred around 937 CE,[c] assuming the year of Sudhammaraja's departure to found Phitsanulok. This chronology places Sindhob Amarin's reign after that of Sudhammarāja. However, the compiler of the Ayutthaya Testimonies identified Sindhob Amarin with Bharattakabba, who is recorded to have ruled before Sudhammarāja's father, Sai Nam Peung.[9] This identification is demonstrably inconsistent with the chronological evidence derived from the aforementioned calculation.

The relocation of Sudhammarāja occurred subsequent to the conquest of Lavapura of Lavo by King Sujita of Tambralinga in 927. Following this event, several polities situated within the regional river valleys—most notably Suphannaphum—are recorded as having confronted military campaigns undertaken by Tambralinga, led by Sujita's son, Kampoch.[11]: 70  Sudhammarāja's reign at Phitsanulok was succeeded by Visnuraja, a monarch descended from King Padumasūriyavaṃśa.[12] The lineage of Visnuraja subsequently extended to the Phra Ruang dynasty of the Sukhothai Kingdom[13] and the Lavo dynasty of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.[14]

Notes

  1. ^ a b As Chen Li Fu was likewise centered in the Phraek Si Racha region,[1]: 18 [2]: 15  Chinese historical sources record that the dynasty’s first monarch ascended the throne in 1180 CE.[3]: 6–7  This chronological datum serves as a basis for retrospective calculation in determining the approximate period of reigns of the Siamese rulers belonging to this lineage. However, the Dong Mè Nang Mưo’ng Inscription (K. 766), dated to 1167 CE,[4] suggests that Sri Dharmasokaraja II may have extended his authority northward as far as present-day Nakhon Sawan Province, which would imply that the Phraek Si Racha region likewise fell under his control;[5]: 36–39  if this interpretation is accepted, the reigns of the Xiū Luó Fēn rulers in question must have ended no later than 1167 CE, rather than in 1180 CE.
  2. ^ The reigns of the monarchs belonging to this lineage were retroactively reconstructed based on the documented accession date of a later ruler, Fang-hui-chih, who governed Chen Li Fu—a polity likewise centered in the Phraek Si Racha region—from 1180 to 1204 CE, as attested in contemporary Chinese sources.[3]: 6–7 
  3. ^ Calculated from the text provided in the Northern Chronicle: Phrase 1: ...พระพุทธศักราช ๑๘๕๐...พระเจ้าสินธพอำมรินทร์เสวยราชสมบัติได้ ๓ ปี...[10]: 32  which is transcribed as ...Buddhist Era? 1850...Sindhob Amarin has been reigning for 3 years..., Phrase 2: ...จึงลบพระพุทธศักราช ๑๘๕๗ เปนจุลศักราช ๓๐๖...[10]: 33  transcribed as ... Buddhist Era? 1857 is changed to Chula Sakarat 306... On the basis of the two aforementioned textual references, it may be inferred that the reign of Sindhob Amarin commenced in Chula Sakarat 299 (corresponding to 937 CE). This chronological point appears to overlap with the reign of Bhuddhasagara and his son at Mueang Wat Derm. Consequently, the year 937 CE may reasonably be identified as the probable date of Sindhob Amarin’s enthronement at Mueang Phreak, and the Phrase 3: ...พระเจ้าสินธพอำมรินทร์เสวยราชสมบัติ ๕๙ ปี พระองค์สวรรคต... transcribed as ...Sindhob Amarin ruled for 59 years and died...[10]: 33  that means he died in 996 CE.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Walailak Songsiri (2025). "ในดินแดนแห่งเจนลีฟู นครรัฐที่ไม่ได้อยู่ในอำนาจทางการเมืองของพระเจ้าชัยวรมันที่ ๗ สู่ปัญหาทางประวัตศาสตร์ที่หาทางออกไม่เจอของสังคมไทย" [In the land of Chen Li Fu, a city-state that was not under the political power of King Jayavarman VII, to the historical problems that cannot be solved for Thai society.]. Lek-Prapai Viriyahpant Foundation (in Thai). Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  2. ^ Walailak Songsiri (2025). ในดินแดนแห่งเจนลีฟูและตามหารากเง้าพระอาจารย์ธรรมโชติ [In the land of Cenlifu and searching for the roots of Master Thammachot] (in Thai). Lek-Prapai Viriyaphan Foundation.
  3. ^ a b O. W. Wolters (1960). "Chên Li Fu: A State On The Gulf Of Siam at the Beginning of the 14th Century". The Journal of the Siam Society. XLVIII.
  4. ^ "จารึกดงแม่นางเมือง" [Dong Mè Nang Mưo’ng Inscription]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (in Thai). 8 September 2025. Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  5. ^ Chatchai Sukrakarn (October 2005). "พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช" [Sri Thammasokaraj] (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  6. ^ Fine Arts Department 1968, p. 36–7.
  7. ^ "Khamhaikhan Chao Krung Kao" คำให้การชาวกรุงเก่า [Testonomy of the People of the Old Capital]. vajirayana.org (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2025-11-14. Retrieved 14 November 2025.
  8. ^ a b c Fine Arts Department 1968, p. 37.
  9. ^ a b Fine Arts Department 1968, p. 35.
  10. ^ a b c d Phra Wichianpreecha (Noi) (1934). Northern Chronicle (in Thai). Royal Society of Thailand. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  11. ^ Thepthani, Phra Borihan (1953). Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times (in Thai). S. Thammasamakkhi. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  12. ^ Fine Arts Department 1968, p. 37–8.
  13. ^ Fine Arts Department 1968, p. 11–7.
  14. ^ Fine Arts Department 1968, p. 46–7.

Sources

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