1946 Philippine presidential election

1946 Philippine presidential election
April 23, 1946
 
Nominee Manuel Roxas Sergio Osmeña
Party Liberal Nacionalista
Running mate Elpidio Quirino Eulogio Rodriguez
Popular vote 1,333,392 1,129,996
Percentage 53.94% 45.71%
President before election

Sergio Osmeña
Nacionalista

Elected President

Manuel Roxas
Liberal

1946 Philippine vice presidential election
April 23, 1946
 
Candidate Elpidio Quirino Eulogio Rodriguez
Party Liberal Nacionalista
Popular vote 1,161,725 1,051,243
Percentage 52.36% 47.38%
Vice President before election

Vacant (Sergio Osmeña in previous election)

 Elected Vice President

Elpidio Quirino
Liberal

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The 1946 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on April 23, 1946, according to Commonwealth Act No. 725. Incumbent president Sergio Osmeña ran for a full term but was defeated by Senator Manuel Roxas. Meanwhile, Senator Elpidio Quirino defeated fellow Senator Eulogio Rodriguez to become vice president.

Background

Due to the Commonwealth of the Philippines government being driven into exile by World War II, the supposed midterm election in November 1943 and the general election in November 1945 were not held as scheduled. Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, and their allies called for an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines, as well as the members of Congress. In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs Committee of the United States Congress approved the joint resolution, setting the election date by April 30, 1946.

Prompted by this congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the election date on April 23, 1946. President Osmeña signed the act on January 5, 1946.

Candidates

Three parties presented their respective candidates for the different national elective positions. These were the Nacionalista Party, the Conservative (Osmeña) Wing, the Liberal Wing of the Nacionalista Party, and the Partido Modernista. The Nacionalistas had Osmeña and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as their candidates for President and vice president, respectively. The Modernistas chose Hilario Camino Moncado and Luis Salvador for the same positions. On the other hand, the standard bearers of the Liberals were Senators Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino.

On January 3, 1946, President Osmeña announced his candidacy for President. On January 22, 1946, Eulogio Rodriguez was nominated as Osmeña's running mate for Vice President in a convention held at Ciro's Club in Manila. According to the Manila Chronicle:

The convention opened at 10:15 in the morning when the acting secretary of the party, Vicente Farmoso, called the confab to order.

Congressman Jose C. Romero, who delivered the keynote speech, accused Senate President Manuel Roxas and his followers of fanning the flames of discontent among the people, capitalizing on the people's hardship, and minimizing the accomplishment of the [Osmeña] Administration. These men with the Messiah complex have been the country's and world's bane. This is the mentality that produces Hitlers and Mussolinis, and in their desire to climb to power, they even want to destroy the party which placed them where they are today.

Senator Carlos P. Garcia, who delivered the nomination speech for President Sergio Osmeña, recited Osmeña's achievements and virtues as a public official and private citizen.

Entering the convention hall at about 7:30 p.m., President Osmeña, accompanied by the committee on notification, was greeted with cheer and applause as he ascended the platform. President Osmeña delivered his speech, a general outline of his plans once elected. He emphasized that as far as his party is concerned, independence is a close issue. It was coming on July 4, 1946.[1]

On January 19, 1946, Senator Roxas announced his candidacy for President in a convention held in Santa Ana Cabaret in Makati, Rizal. According to the Manila Chronicle:

...more than three thousand (by conservative estimates, there were only 1,000 plus) delegates, party members, and hero worshipers jammed into suburban, well-known Santa Ana Cabaret (biggest in the world) to acclaim ex-katipunero and Bagong Katipunan organizer Manuel Acuña Roxas as the guidon bearer of the Nacionalista Party's Liberal Wing.

The delegates from all over the Islands met in a formal convention from 10:50 a.m. and broke up at about 5:30 p.m.


They elected 1. Mariano J. Cuenco, professional Osmeñaphobe, as temporary chairman; 2. Jose Avelino and ex-pharmacist Antonio Zacarias, permanent chairman and secretary, respectively; 3. nominated forty-four candidates for senators; 4. heard the generalissimo himself deliver an oratorical masterpiece consisting of 50 per cent attacks against the (Osmeña) Administration, 50 per cent promises, pledges. Rabid Roxasites greeted the Roxas acceptance speech with hysterical applause.[2]

President Osmeña tried to prevent the split in the Nacionalista Party by offering Senator Roxas the position of Philippine Regent Commissioner to the United States, but the latter turned down the offer.

As a result of the split among the members of the Nacionalista Party, owing to marked differences of opinion on specific vital issues of which no settlement had been reached, a new political organization was born and named the Liberal Wing of the Nacionalista Party, which would later become the Liberal Party.

Results

The election was generally peaceful and orderly except in some places where passions ran high, especially in Pampanga. According to the "controversial" decision of the Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives on Meliton Soliman vs. Luis Taruc, Pampanga "was under the terroristic clutches and control of the Hukbalahaps. So terrorized were the people of Arayat were terrorized; at one time, 200 persons abandoned their homes, work, food, and belongings in a mass evacuation to the Poblacion due to fear and terror."

A total of 2,596,880 voters went to the polls to elect their President and Vice President, who was to be the Commonwealth's last and the Republic's first. President Osmena chose not to actively campaign, saying the Filipinos knew his record of 40 years of loyal service to the country.

Four days after election day, the Liberal candidates were proclaimed victors. Roxas registered a majority of votes in 34 provinces and nine cities: Abra, Agusan, Albay, Antique, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Cavite, Cotabato, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, La Union, Leyte, Marinduque, Mindoro, Misamis Oriental, Negros Occidental, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pangasinan, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sorsogon, Sulu, Surigao, Tayabas, Zambales, Manila, Quezon City, Bacolod (Negros Occidental), Iloilo City (Iloilo), Baguio (Mountain Province), Zamboanga City (Zamboanga), Tagaytay (Cavite), Cavite City (Cavite) and San Pablo City (Laguna).

Likewise, the Liberal Party won nine out of 16 contested senatorial seats.

In the House of Representatives, the Liberals achieved a majority with 50 seats won, while the Nacionalistas and the Democratic Alliance were only victorious in 33 and six seats, respectively.

President

Summary

CandidatePartyVotes%
Manuel RoxasNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)[a]1,333,00653.93
Sergio OsmeñaNacionalista Party[a]1,129,99445.72
Hilario MoncadoModernist Party8,5380.35
Total2,471,538100.00
Valid votes2,471,53895.17
Invalid/blank votes125,3424.83
Total votes2,596,880100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,898,60489.59
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[3]
  1. ^ a b The Nacionalista Party was split into two wings: those who supported Osmeña or the "conservative wing", and those who supported Roxas or the "liberal wing". The liberal wing eventually split off after the election and became the Liberal Party.
Popular vote
Roxas
 
 53.93%
Osmeña
 
 45.72%
Moncado
 
 0.35%

By province/city

Province/City Roxas Osmeña Moncado
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Abra 6,760 63.83 3,813 36.00 18 0.17
Agusan 9,354 50.29 9,219 49.57 26 0.14
Albay 25,940 51.57 24,344 48.40 13 0.03
Antique 18,271 58.48 12,952 41.46 19 0.06
Bataan 9,468 53.25 8,309 46.73 4 0.02
Batanes 1,326 64.65 705 34.37 20 0.98
Batangas 56,410 70.02 24,118 29.94 37 0.05
Bohol 30,592 42.98 40,285 56.59 308 0.43
Bukidnon 3,011 53.65 2,451 43.67 150 2.67
Bulacan 39,799 50.77 38,549 49.18 38 0.05
Cagayan 15,514 37.40 25,605 61.72 365 0.88
Camarines Norte 10,471 65.62 5,482 34.35 4 0.03
Camarines Sur 33,267 57.85 24,214 42.11 21 0.04
Capiz 41,844 69.72 18,161 30.26 14 0.02
Catanduanes 5,477 38.63 8,698 61.34 4 0.03
Cavite 38,111 77.26 11,196 22.70 19 0.04
Cebu 53,848 35.12 98,700 64.37 792 0.52
Cotabato 17,826 51.85 16,490 47.96 66 0.19
Culion Leper Colony 47 10.06 420 89.94 0 0.00
Davao 11,896 36.43 19,226 58.87 1,536 4.70
Ilocos Norte 25,464 67.36 12,097 32.00 243 0.64
Ilocos Sur 30,322 64.67 16,530 35.26 34 0.07
Iloilo 79,136 64.50 43,522 35.48 25 0.02
Isabela 17,431 64.35 9,220 34.04 437 1.61
La Union 22,499 60.00 14,845 39.59 157 0.42
Laguna 36,527 62.12 22,246 37.83 26 0.04
Lanao 17,212 31.12 37,101 67.09 991 1.79
Leyte 64,236 56.17 49,965 43.69 155 0.14
Manila 82,457 72.24 31,513 27.61 172 0.15
Marinduque 10,596 80.94 2,487 19.00 8 0.06
Masbate 9,730 44.30 12,207 55.58 27 0.12
Mindoro 14,025 60.27 9,240 39.71 6 0.03
Misamis Occidental 11,165 39.96 15,926 57.00 848 3.04
Misamis Oriental 14,307 52.61 12,737 46.83 153 0.56
Mountain Province 8,490 41.77 11,369 55.93 468 2.30
Negros Occidental 62,605 54.14 52,982 45.81 58 0.05
Negros Oriental 13,262 33.98 25,594 65.58 171 0.44
Nueva Ecija 29,478 41.45 41,616 58.51 28 0.04
Nueva Vizcaya 7,458 67.00 3,664 32.92 9 0.08
Palawan 6,317 54.99 5,164 44.95 7 0.06
Pampanga 11,296 13.97 69,505 85.98 42 0.05
Pangasinan 82,081 55.86 64,794 44.10 56 0.04
Rizal 60,103 62.85 35,418 37.04 101 0.11
Romblon 9,200 72.00 3,560 27.86 17 0.13
Samar 37,553 54.88 30,793 45.00 82 0.12
Sorsogon 20,715 54.16 17,528 45.83 6 0.02
Sulu 6,833 42.53 9,228 57.43 6 0.04
Surigao 15,053 53.89 12,795 45.81 85 0.30
Tarlac 16,868 39.14 26,193 60.77 39 0.09
Tayabas 50,224 82.07 10,954 17.90 16 0.03
Zambales 15,811 69.71 6,853 30.22 16 0.07
Zamboanga 15,706 43.98 19,413 54.36 595 1.67
Total 1,333,392 53.94 1,129,996 45.71 8,538 0.35
Source: Bureau of the Census and Statistics[4]

Vice-President

Summary

CandidatePartyVotes%
Elpidio QuirinoNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)[a]1,161,72552.36
Eulogio RodriguezNacionalista Party[a]1,051,24347.38
Lou SalvadorModernist Party5,8790.26
Total2,218,847100.00
Valid votes2,218,84785.44
Invalid/blank votes378,03314.56
Total votes2,596,880100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,898,60489.59
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[5]
  1. ^ a b The Nacionalista Party was split into two wings: those who supported Osmeña or the "conservative wing", and those who supported Roxas or the "liberal wing". The liberal wing eventually split off after the election and became the Liberal Party.
Popular vote
Quirino
 
 52.36%
Rodriguez
 
 47.38%
Salvador
 
 0.26%

By province/city

Province/City Quirino Rodriguez Salvador
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Abra 6,894 68.99 3,092 30.94 7 0.07
Agusan 8,540 51.19 8,131 48.74 11 0.07
Albay 23,445 51.92 21,696 48.05 12 0.03
Antique 16,749 58.10 12,026 41.71 55 0.19
Bataan 6,424 43.74 8,245 56.14 17 0.12
Batanes 1,466 86.59 221 13.05 6 0.35
Batangas 32,185 59.06 22,195 40.73 111 0.20
Bohol 26,290 43.27 34,296 56.45 167 0.27
Bukidnon 2,899 56.44 2,138 41.63 99 1.93
Bulacan 29,277 42.92 38,881 57.00 50 0.07
Cagayan 21,826 55.55 17,226 43.84 238 0.61
Camarines Norte 10,013 67.15 4,894 32.82 4 0.03
Camarines Sur 31,282 57.55 23,052 42.41 24 0.04
Capiz 36,845 67.79 17,494 32.19 11 0.02
Catanduanes 5,164 37.39 8,645 62.59 4 0.03
Cavite 22,688 55.88 17,882 44.05 28 0.07
Cebu 50,495 35.24 92,253 64.39 524 0.37
Cotabato 17,366 59.57 11,718 40.20 68 0.23
Culion Leper Colony 100 23.26 329 76.51 1 0.23
Davao 12,015 39.09 17,629 57.36 1,090 3.55
Ilocos Norte 26,727 73.21 9,672 26.49 109 0.30
Ilocos Sur 36,158 79.24 9,460 20.73 12 0.03
Iloilo 68,520 62.92 40,343 37.04 42 0.04
Isabela 19,800 76.76 5,786 22.43 208 0.81
La Union 29,126 80.70 6,860 19.01 104 0.29
Laguna 17,724 36.69 30,552 63.25 26 0.05
Lanao 12,638 31.58 26,787 66.94 594 1.48
Leyte 55,873 55.99 43,776 43.87 139 0.14
Manila 67,228 60.80 43,197 39.07 139 0.13
Marinduque 6,405 60.35 4,181 39.40 27 0.25
Masbate 8,378 45.35 10,066 54.48 32 0.17
Mindoro 12,370 62.47 7,423 37.49 7 0.04
Misamis Occidental 8,835 36.49 15,046 62.14 334 1.38
Misamis Oriental 12,245 54.30 10,172 45.11 132 0.59
Mountain Province 11,340 62.68 6,530 36.10 221 1.22
Negros Occidental 56,527 54.56 47,011 45.38 63 0.06
Negros Oriental 11,869 33.96 23,000 65.80 83 0.24
Nueva Ecija 27,949 41.91 38,690 58.02 46 0.07
Nueva Vizcaya 7,095 66.92 3,486 32.88 21 0.20
Palawan 6,219 56.97 4,691 42.97 7 0.06
Pampanga 9,291 12.56 64,566 87.28 119 0.16
Pangasinan 84,775 59.86 56,806 40.11 45 0.03
Rizal 35,512 39.26 54,896 60.69 50 0.06
Romblon 7,482 70.81 3,060 28.96 24 0.23
Samar 34,920 57.58 25,586 42.19 140 0.23
Sorsogon 19,455 54.89 15,980 45.08 10 0.03
Sulu 5,953 43.78 7,640 56.18 5 0.04
Surigao 13,800 53.86 11,768 45.93 56 0.22
Tarlac 17,523 43.39 22,813 56.49 50 0.12
Tayabas 39,338 71.09 15,966 28.85 35 0.06
Zambales 15,370 75.58 4,928 24.23 39 0.19
Zamboanga 13,317 41.34 18,462 57.31 433 1.34
Total 1,161,725 52.36 1,051,243 47.38 5,879 0.26
Source: Bureau of the Census and Statistics[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Celso G. Cabrera. "Rodriguez is Nominated as Osmeña's Running-Mate," Manila Chronicle, January 22, 1946, p. 2
  2. ^ "Conventions Climax Hectic Week," Manila Chronicle This week, January 27, 1946, p. 3
  3. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific    .
  4. ^ a b Bulletin of Philippine Statistics No. 1. Vol. II. Bureau of Printing. 1946. p. 72.
  5. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific    .
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