togedere

Middle English

Alternative forms

tegedere, tegedyr, tegedir, togedder, togeddir, togeddre, togeddyr, togeder, to-geder, togedir, togedire, togedre, togedyr, togedyre, togidder, togiddir, togiddre, togiddyr, togider, togidere, togidir, togidire, togidre, togidur, togidure, togidyr, togidyre, togither, togydder, togyddir, togyddre, togyddyr, togyder, togydere, togydir, togydire, togydre, togyþer, tokeder
togaderen, togædere, togæderen (Early Middle English); together, togethere, toghedre, togodur, toguyder, togydyre, tokedere (Late Middle English)
to geydder, togeydur, togydyr (Northern or Northwest Midland)
to gaddre, togader, togadere, togadir, togadre, togadur, togadyr, togedur, togedure, togydur, togydure (especially Southern or Southwest Midland)

Etymology

Inherited from Old English tōgædere, tōgædre; compare gaderen, gederen (“to gather”).^[1]

Forms with /a/ and /ɛ/ continue the Old English forms tōgædere and tōgedere respectively, while forms with /i/ represent a tendency to raise /ɛ/ before dentals, especially in Northern Middle English (as in Middle Scots togiddir).^[2] Spellings reflecting a pronunciation with /ð/, like modern standard together, start sporadically appearing in the late 14th century, but do not predominate until Early Modern English.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /toːˈɡɛd(ə)rə/, /toːˈɡɛdər/, /tɔ-/
IPA^(key): /toːˈɡid(ə)rə/, /toːˈɡidər/, /tɔ-/ (with raising)
IPA^(key): /toːˈɡad(ə)rə/, /toːˈɡadər/, /tɔ-/^[3] (especially Southern or Southwest Midland)

Adverb

togedere

Two or more gathered in one place; sharing each other's company.
In a state of being an assembled whole or single entity. (of parts)
In a state of being physically joined.
In such a way as to draw nearer; towards each other.
With reciprocity; mutually.
At the same time; simultaneously.
In immediate succession.
(by extension) Joined by marriage, friendship or other bonds.

Synonyms

Descendants

English: together
Middle Scots: togiddir
- Scots: thegither

References

^ “tọ̄̆geder, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 11 April 2018.
^ Jordan, Richard (1974), Eugene Crook, transl., Handbook of the Middle English Grammar: Phonology (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 218)‎^[1], The Hague: Mouton & Co. N.V., →DOI, § 34, page 60.
^ McIntosh, Angus; Samuels, M[ichael] L.; Benskin, Michael (2013) [1986], Michael Benskin, Margaret Laing, editors, eLALME: A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English‎^[2], Edinburgh: Angus McIntosh Centre for Historical Linguistics; revised November 2024.

[1] “tọ̄̆geder, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 11 April 2018.

[2] Jordan, Richard (1974), Eugene Crook, transl., Handbook of the Middle English Grammar: Phonology (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 218)‎^[1], The Hague: Mouton & Co. N.V., →DOI, § 34, page 60.

[3] McIntosh, Angus; Samuels, M[ichael] L.; Benskin, Michael (2013) [1986], Michael Benskin, Margaret Laing, editors, eLALME: A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English‎^[2], Edinburgh: Angus McIntosh Centre for Historical Linguistics; revised November 2024.

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