së

See also: Appendix:Variations of "se"

Albanian

Alternative forms

s' — not, don't
nuk — not, don't

Etymology

See alternative form s' (“not, don't”) for adverb së for etymology.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sə/, /s/ (Adverb)
IPA^(key): /səː/ (Article)

Adverb

së

not, don't
Negates the meaning of the modified verb.
Unë di. Unë s'di.
I know. I don't know.

A jam e bukur a s'jam?
Am I beautiful or am I not?

S'je!
You aren't!

A s'është ai...?
Isn't he ...?

Article

së

adjectival article for definite feminine singular adjectives in the genitive, dative and ablative cases

See also

Forms of the adjectival articles
	masculine		feminine		neuter		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	i	i	e	e	të	të	të	e
accusative	të	e	të	e	të	të	të	e
dative and ablative	të	të	të	së	të	të	të	të

Note that regardless of the definite state of the noun being described, the definite articles are only used when immediately following a definite-form noun. If two adjectives (or other words that use these articles) come back to back, the second word's article will be indefinite.

yjet e mëdhenj të largët ― the large, distant stars

Notice that while both adjectives require the adjectival article and the same masculine plural agreement, only the first adjectival article takes its definite form, as the second is not in the immediate environment of the modified definite noun.

Kamkata-viri

Alternative forms

ssë (Northeastern)

Etymology

Borrowed from a descendant of Sanskrit संवत्सर (saṃvatsará).^[1]

Noun

së f (Western, Southeastern)^[2]^[3]

year

References

^ Halfmann, Jakob (2025). The Diversification of Indo-Iranian and the Position of the Nuristani Languages. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
^ Strand, Richard F. (2016), “s′a”, in Nûristânî Etymological Lexicon‎^[1]
^ Halfmann, Jakob (2024). A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) (PhD thesis). Köln: Universität zu Köln.