nunka

Ladino

Alternative forms

  • nunkua

Adverb

nunka (Hebrew spelling נונקה)

  1. never

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *nùnka.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /núːŋka/

Verb

-nunka (infinitive okununka) (intransitive)

  1. (often with negative connotations) to smell, to stink
    Coordinate term: -boya

Conjugation

Conjugation of -nunka
infinitives
affirmative okununka
negative okutanunka
imperatives
affirmative nunka
negative (see second-person negative subjunctive forms)
tense polarity basic forms relative forms1
present habitual affirmative
subject concord + -nunka
person noun class singular plural
first person nnunka tununka
second person onunka mununka
third person 1/2 anunka banunka
3/4 gununka enunka
5/6 linunka ganunka
7/8 kinunka binunka
9/10 enunka zinunka
11/10 rununka
12/14 kanunka bununka
13 — tununka
14/6 bununka ganunka
15/6 kununka
16 hanunka —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -nunka
person noun class singular plural
first person tinnunka titununka
second person tonunka timununka
third person 1/2 tanunka tibanunka
3/4 tigununka tenunka
5/6 tirinunka tiganunka
7/8 tikinunka tibinunka
9/10 tenunka tizinunka
11/10 tirununka
12/14 tikanunka tibununka
13 — titununka
14/6 tibununka tiganunka
15/6 tikununka
16 tihanunka —
subject concord + -tanunka
present continuous affirmative
ni- + subject concord + -nunka
person noun class singular plural
first person ninnunka nitununka
second person noonunka nimununka
third person 1/2 naanunka nibanunka
3/4 nigununka neenunka
5/6 nirinunka niganunka
7/8 nikinunka nibinunka
9/10 neenunka nizinunka
11/10 nirununka
12/14 nikanunka nibununka
13 — nitununka
14/6 nibununka niganunka
15/6 nikununka
16 nihanunka —
subject concord + -rukununka
negative
ti- + subject concord + -rukununka
person noun class singular plural
first person tindukununka titurukununka
second person torukununka timurukununka
third person 1/2 tarukununka tibarukununka
3/4 tigurukununka terukununka
5/6 tirirukununka tigarukununka
7/8 tikirukununka tibirukununka
9/10 terukununka tizirukununka
11/10 tirurukununka
12/14 tikarukununka tiburukununka
13 — titurukununka
14/6 tiburukununka tigarukununka
15/6 tikurukununka
16 tiharukununka —
subject concord + -tarukununka
present continuative affirmative
ni- + subject concord + -kyanunka
person noun class singular plural
first person ninkyanunka nitukyanunka
second person nookyanunka nimukyanunka
third person 1/2 naakyanunka nibakyanunka
3/4 nigukyanunka neekyanunka
5/6 nirikyanunka nigakyanunka
7/8 nikikyanunka nibikyanunka
9/10 neekyanunka nizikyanunka
11/10 nirukyanunka
12/14 nikakyanunka nibukyanunka
13 — nitukyanunka
14/6 nibukyanunka nigakyanunka
15/6 nikukyanunka
16 nihakyanunka —
subject concord + -rukukyanunka
negative
ti- + subject concord + -kyanunka
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkyanunka titukyanunka
second person tokyanunka timukyanunka
third person 1/2 takyanunka tibakyanunka
3/4 tigukyanunka tekyanunka
5/6 tirikyanunka tigakyanunka
7/8 tikikyanunka tibikyanunka
9/10 tekyanunka tizikyanunka
11/10 tirukyanunka
12/14 tikakyanunka tibukyanunka
13 — titukyanunka
14/6 tibukyanunka tigakyanunka
15/6 tikukyanunka
16 tihakyanunka —
subject concord + -takyanunka
virtual present affirmative
subject concord + -anunka
person noun class singular plural
first person nanunka twanunka
second person wanunka mwanunka
third person 1/2 yanunka baanunka
3/4 gwanunka yanunka
5/6 lyanunka gaanunka
7/8 kyanunka byanunka
9/10 yanunka zaanunka
11/10 rwanunka
12/14 kaanunka bwanunka
13 — twanunka
14/6 bwanunka gaanunka
15/6 kwanunka
16 haanunka —
negative
ti- + subject concord + anunka
person noun class singular plural
first person tinanunka titwanunka
second person tiwanunka timwanunka
third person 1/2 tiyanunka tibaanunka
3/4 tigwanunka tiyanunka
5/6 tiryanunka tigaanunka
7/8 tikyanunka tibyanunka
9/10 tiyanunka tizaanunka
11/10 tirwanunka
12/14 tikaanunka tibwanunka
13 — titwanunka
14/6 tibwanunka tigaanunka
15/6 tikwanunka
16 tihaanunka —
subject concord + -taanunka
present perfect affirmative
subject concord + -nunkire
person noun class singular plural
first person nnunkire tununkire
second person onunkire mununkire
third person 1/2 anunkire banunkire
3/4 gununkire enunkire
5/6 linunkire ganunkire
7/8 kinunkire binunkire
9/10 enunkire zinunkire
11/10 rununkire
12/14 kanunkire bununkire
13 — tununkire
14/6 bununkire ganunkire
15/6 kununkire
16 hanunkire —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -nunkire
person noun class singular plural
first person tinnunkire titununkire
second person tonunkire timununkire
third person 1/2 tanunkire tibanunkire
3/4 tigununkire tenunkire
5/6 tirinunkire tiganunkire
7/8 tikinunkire tibinunkire
9/10 tenunkire tizinunkire
11/10 tirununkire
12/14 tikanunkire tibununkire
13 — titununkire
14/6 tibununkire tiganunkire
15/6 tikununkire
16 tihanunkire —
subject concord + -tanunkire
near perfective affirmative
subject concord + -akanunka
person noun class singular plural
first person nakanunka twakanunka
second person wakanunka mwakanunka
third person 1/2 yakanunka baakanunka
3/4 gwakanunka yakanunka
5/6 lyakanunka gaakanunka
7/8 kyakanunka byakanunka
9/10 yakanunka zaakanunka
11/10 rwakanunka
12/14 kaakanunka bwakanunka
13 — twakanunka
14/6 bwakanunka gaakanunka
15/6 kwakanunka
16 haakanunka —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -kanunkire
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkanunkire titukanunkire
second person tokanunkire timukanunkire
third person 1/2 takanunkire tibakanunkire
3/4 tigukanunkire tekanunkire
5/6 tirikanunkire tigakanunkire
7/8 tikikanunkire tibikanunkire
9/10 tekanunkire tizikanunkire
11/10 tirukanunkire
12/14 tikakanunkire tibukanunkire
13 — titukanunkire
14/6 tibukanunkire tigakanunkire
15/6 tikukanunkire
16 tihakanunkire —
subject concord + -takanunkire
near past affirmative
subject concord + -nunkirege
person noun class singular plural
first person nnunkirege tununkirege
second person onunkirege mununkirege
third person 1/2 anunkirege banunkirege
3/4 gununkirege enunkirege
5/6 linunkirege ganunkirege
7/8 kinunkirege binunkirege
9/10 enunkirege zinunkirege
11/10 rununkirege
12/14 kanunkirege bununkirege
13 — tununkirege
14/6 bununkirege ganunkirege
15/6 kununkirege
16 hanunkirege —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -nunkirege
person noun class singular plural
first person tinnunkirege titununkirege
second person tonunkirege timununkirege
third person 1/2 tanunkirege tibanunkirege
3/4 tigununkirege tenunkirege
5/6 tirinunkirege tiganunkirege
7/8 tikinunkirege tibinunkirege
9/10 tenunkirege tizinunkirege
11/10 tirununkirege
12/14 tikanunkirege tibununkirege
13 — titununkirege
14/6 tibununkirege tiganunkirege
15/6 tikununkirege
16 tihanunkirege —
subject concord + -tanunkirege
remote past affirmative
subject concord + -kanunka
person noun class singular plural
first person nkanunka tukanunka
second person okanunka mukanunka
third person 1/2 akanunka bakanunka
3/4 gukanunka ekanunka
5/6 likanunka gakanunka
7/8 kikanunka bikanunka
9/10 ekanunka zikanunka
11/10 rukanunka
12/14 kakanunka bukanunka
13 — tukanunka
14/6 bukanunka gakanunka
15/6 kukanunka
16 hakanunka —
subject concord + -anunkire
negative
subject concord + -tanunke
person noun class singular plural
first person ntanunke tutanunke
second person otanunke mutanunke
third person 1/2 atanunke batanunke
3/4 gutanunke etanunke
5/6 litanunke gatanunke
7/8 kitanunke bitanunke
9/10 etanunke ziitanunke
11/10 rutanunke
12/14 katanunke butanunke
13 — tutanunke
14/6 butanunke gatanunke
15/6 kutanunke
16 hatanunke —
subject concord + -taranunkire
experiential perfective affirmative
subject concord + -ranunkire
person noun class singular plural
first person ndanunkire turanunkire
second person oranunkire muranunkire
third person 1/2 aranunkire baranunkire
3/4 guranunkire eranunkire
5/6 liranunkire garanunkire
7/8 kiranunkire biranunkire
9/10 eranunkire ziranunkire
11/10 ruranunkire
12/14 karanunkire buranunkire
13 — turanunkire
14/6 buranunkire garanunkire
15/6 kuranunkire
16 haranunkire —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -kanunkaga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkanunkaga titukanunkaga
second person tokanunkaga timukanunkaga
third person 1/2 takanunkaga tibakanunkaga
3/4 tigukanunkaga tekanunkaga
5/6 tirikanunkaga tigakanunkaga
7/8 tikikanunkaga tibikanunkaga
9/10 tekanunkaga tizikanunkaga
11/10 tirukanunkaga
12/14 tikakanunkaga tibukanunkaga
13 — titukanunkaga
14/6 tibukanunkaga tigakanunkaga
15/6 tikukanunkaga
16 tihakanunkaga —
subject concord + -takanunkaga
cessative perfective affirmative
subject concord + -aanunkire
person noun class singular plural
first person naanunkire twanunkire
second person waanunkire mwanunkire
third person 1/2 yaanunkire baanunkire
3/4 gwanunkire yaanunkire
5/6 lyanunkire gaanunkire
7/8 kyanunkire byanunkire
9/10 yaanunkire zaanunkire
11/10 rwanunkire
12/14 kaanunkire bwanunkire
13 — twanunkire
14/6 bwanunkire gaanunkire
15/6 kwanunkire
16 haanunkire —
past habitual affirmative
subject concord + -anunkaga
person noun class singular plural
first person nanunkaga twanunkaga
second person wanunkaga mwanunkaga
third person 1/2 yanunkaga baanunkaga
3/4 gwanunkaga yanunkaga
5/6 lyanunkaga gaanunkaga
7/8 kyanunkaga byanunkaga
9/10 yanunkaga zaanunkaga
11/10 rwanunkaga
12/14 kaanunkaga bwanunkaga
13 — twanunkaga
14/6 bwanunkaga gaanunkaga
15/6 kwanunkaga
16 haanunkaga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + anunkaga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinanunkaga titwanunkaga
second person tiwanunkaga timwanunkaga
third person 1/2 tiyanunkaga tibaanunkaga
3/4 tigwanunkaga tiyanunkaga
5/6 tiryanunkaga tigaanunkaga
7/8 tikyanunkaga tibyanunkaga
9/10 tiyanunkaga tizaanunkaga
11/10 tirwanunkaga
12/14 tikaanunkaga tibwanunkaga
13 — titwanunkaga
14/6 tibwanunkaga tigaanunkaga
15/6 tikwanunkaga
16 tihaanunkaga —
subject concord + -taanunkaga
near future affirmative
subject concord + -raanunka
person noun class singular plural
first person ndaanunka turaanunka
second person oraanunka muraanunka
third person 1/2 araanunka baraanunka
3/4 guraanunka eraanunka
5/6 liraanunka garaanunka
7/8 kiraanunka biraanunka
9/10 eraanunka ziraanunka
11/10 ruraanunka
12/14 karaanunka buraanunka
13 — turaanunka
14/6 buraanunka garaanunka
15/6 kuraanunka
16 haraanunka —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aanunke
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaanunke titwanunke
second person tiwaanunke timwanunke
third person 1/2 tiyaanunke tibaanunke
3/4 tigwanunke tiyaanunke
5/6 tiryanunke tigaanunke
7/8 tikyanunke tibyanunke
9/10 tiyaanunke tizaanunke
11/10 tirwanunke
12/14 tikaanunke tibwanunke
13 — titwanunke
14/6 tibwanunke tigaanunke
15/6 tikwanunke
16 tihaanunke —
subject concord + -taanunke
remote future affirmative
subject concord + -linunka
person noun class singular plural
first person ndinunka tulinunka
second person olinunka mulinunka
third person 1/2 alinunka balinunka
3/4 gulinunka erinunka
5/6 lirinunka galinunka
7/8 kirinunka birinunka
9/10 erinunka zirinunka
11/10 rulinunka
12/14 kalinunka bulinunka
13 — tulinunka
14/6 bulinunka galinunka
15/6 kulinunka
16 halinunka —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -linunka
person noun class singular plural
first person tindinunka titulinunka
second person tolinunka timulinunka
third person 1/2 talinunka tibalinunka
3/4 tigulinunka terinunka
5/6 tiririnunka tigalinunka
7/8 tikirinunka tibirinunka
9/10 terinunka tizirinunka
11/10 tirulinunka
12/14 tikalinunka tibulinunka
13 — titulinunka
14/6 tibulinunka tigalinunka
15/6 tikulinunka
16 tihalinunka —
subject concord + -talinunka
future habitual affirmative
subject concord + -raanunkaga
person noun class singular plural
first person ndaanunkaga turaanunkaga
second person oraanunkaga muraanunkaga
third person 1/2 araanunkaga baraanunkaga
3/4 guraanunkaga eraanunkaga
5/6 liraanunkaga garaanunkaga
7/8 kiraanunkaga biraanunkaga
9/10 eraanunkaga ziraanunkaga
11/10 ruraanunkaga
12/14 karaanunkaga buraanunkaga
13 — turaanunkaga
14/6 buraanunkaga garaanunkaga
15/6 kuraanunkaga
16 haraanunkaga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aanunkege
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaanunkege titwanunkege
second person tiwaanunkege timwanunkege
third person 1/2 tiyaanunkege tibaanunkege
3/4 tigwanunkege tiyaanunkege
5/6 tiryanunkege tigaanunkege
7/8 tikyanunkege tibyanunkege
9/10 tiyaanunkege tizaanunkege
11/10 tirwanunkege
12/14 tikaanunkege tibwanunkege
13 — titwanunkege
14/6 tibwanunkege tigaanunkege
15/6 tikwanunkege
16 tihaanunkege —
subject concord + -taanunkege
subjunctive affirmative
subject concord + nunke
person noun class singular plural
first person nnunke tununke
second person onunke mununke
third person 1/2 anunke banunke
3/4 gununke enunke
5/6 linunke ganunke
7/8 kinunke binunke
9/10 enunke zinunke
11/10 rununke
12/14 kanunke bununke
13 — tununke
14/6 bununke ganunke
15/6 kununke
16 hanunke —
negative
subject concord + -tanunka
person noun class singular plural
first person ntanunka tutanunka
second person otanunka mutanunka
third person 1/2 atanunka batanunka
3/4 gutanunka etanunka
5/6 litanunka gatanunka
7/8 kitanunka bitanunka
9/10 etanunka zitanunka
11/10 rutanunka
12/14 katanunka butanunka
13 — tutanunka
14/6 butanunka gatanunka
15/6 kutanunka
16 hatanunka —
—
subjunctive habitual affirmative
subject concord + nunkege
person noun class singular plural
first person nnunkege tununkege
second person onunkege mununkege
third person 1/2 anunkege banunkege
3/4 gununkege enunkege
5/6 linunkege ganunkege
7/8 kinunkege binunkege
9/10 enunkege zinunkege
11/10 rununkege
12/14 kanunkege bununkege
13 — tununkege
14/6 bununkege ganunkege
15/6 kununkege
16 hanunkege —
hypothetical affirmative
subject concord + -aakununka
person noun class singular plural
first person naakununka twakununka
second person waakununka mwakununka
third person 1/2 yaakununka baakununka
3/4 gwakununka yaakununka
5/6 lyakununka gaakununka
7/8 kyakununka byakununka
9/10 yaakununka zaakununka
11/10 rwakununka
12/14 kaakununka bwakununka
13 — twakununka
14/6 bwakununka gaakununka
15/6 kwakununka
16 haakununka —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aakununka
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaakununka titwakununka
second person tiwaakununka timwakununka
third person 1/2 tiyaakununka tibaakununka
3/4 tigwakununka tiyaakununka
5/6 tiryakununka tigaakununka
7/8 tikyakununka tibyakununka
9/10 tiyaakununka tizaakununka
11/10 tirwakununka
12/14 tikaakununka tibwakununka
13 — titwakununka
14/6 tibwakununka tigaakununka
15/6 tikwakununka
16 tihaakununka —
subject concord + -taakununka
conditional affirmative
subject concord + -aakununkire
person noun class singular plural
first person naakununkire twakununkire
second person waakununkire mwakununkire
third person 1/2 yaakununkire baakununkire
3/4 gwakununkire yaakununkire
5/6 lyakununkire gaakununkire
7/8 kyakununkire byakununkire
9/10 yaakununkire zaakununkire
11/10 rwakununkire
12/14 kaakununkire bwakununkire
13 — twakununkire
14/6 bwakununkire gaakununkire
15/6 kwakununkire
16 haakununkire —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aakununkire
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaakununkire titwakununkire
second person tiwaakununkire timwakununkire
third person 1/2 tiyaakununkire tibaakununkire
3/4 tigwakununkire tiyaakununkire
5/6 tiryakununkire tigaakununkire
7/8 tikyakununkire tibyakununkire
9/10 tiyaakununkire tizaakununkire
11/10 tirwakununkire
12/14 tikaakununkire tibwakununkire
13 — titwakununkire
14/6 tibwakununkire tigaakununkire
15/6 tikwakununkire
16 tihaakununkire —
subject concord + -taakununkire

1 The forms in this column are reduced relative forms; full relative forms require an augment before the subject concord.


Derived terms

  • Verbal derivations:
    • Applicative: -nunkira
    • Insistent: -nunkiriza (“to sniff (transitive)”)
  • Nominal derivations:
    • ekinunko (“smell, odor”)

References

  • Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[1], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 240
  • Rubongoya, L. T. (2013), Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎[2], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 298
  • Entry 2317 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3
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