līvõz
Livonian
Etymology
According to Kallio (2021), the root līv- (akin also to Estonian liivi, Finnish liivi) was reborrowed from Middle Low German [Term?], which in turn was borrowed from an original Livonian term reflected in Salaca Livonian Līb, exhibiting a regular Low German sound change of intervocalic b > v. The forms with -v- are also the behind the name Leivu (i.e. the Gauja Estonians).[1]
EES, in turn, claims that the Livonian forms with -b- were borrowed from other languages, with lībi deriving from Latvian lībis and lībõ from German. In this case, -v- is original, and EES hypothetically connects this to Proto-Finnic *liiva (“sand”) or Proto-Finnic *liiva (“slime”).[2]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈliːvəz/, [ˈliːvəz̥]
Noun
līvõz
Declension
| singular (ikšlu’g) | plural (pǟgiņlu’g) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (nominatīv) | līvõz | līvõd |
| genitive (genitīv) | līvõ | līvõd |
| partitive (partitīv) | līvõzt | līvidi |
| dative (datīv) | līvõn | līvõdõn |
| instrumental (instrumentāl) | līvõks | līvõdõks |
| illative (illatīv) | līvõ līvõz |
līviž |
| inessive (inesīv) | līvõs | līvis |
| elative (elatīv) | līvõst | līvist |
References
- ^ Kallio, Petri. The position of Leivu (2021). Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 123–143
- ^ “liivi”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012