glaber

Latin

Alternative forms

Etymology

Uncertain. Hypothesized to be from Proto-Italic *ɣlaðros,[1] from Proto-Indo-European *gʰl̥h₂dʰ-ro- (“smooth”),[1][2] from Proto-Indo-European *gʰleh₂dʰ- (“smooth, shiny”),[2][3] which is reconstructed based on the assumed cognates Proto-Germanic *gladaz (whence German glatt (“smooth”)) and Proto-Balto-Slavic *glā́ˀdus (“smooth”) (whence Lithuanian glodùs (“tool for smoothing”)). These stem from a basic root *gʰleh₂- per Schrijver 1995.[4] However, Kroonen denies this etymology for Proto-Germanic *gladaz, preferring to derive it instead from *glōaną, which Kroonen derives from *gʰleh₁-.[5] See Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleh₁-.

  • The development of initial *gʰl- to Latin gl- may be a regular conditioned sound change (in contrast to the regular development of word-initial *gʰ before a vowel to Latin h-). There are no clearly established counterexamples (that is, no solid etymologies showing a change of *gʰl- to Latin l-).[6] However, even if this change is regular, there is disagreement about its conditions. De Vaan 2008 reconstructs a change of original *gʰ to a plain voiced plosive *g in clusters with either *l or *r, taking place at a time before Proto-Italic split up, and gives grāmen and trāgula as other examples.[7] In contrast, based on rāvus, Schrijver 1991:311 prefers to assume tentatively that *gʰl- became Latin gl- but *gʰr- became Latin r-.[2] Weiss 2018 argues that the g- in glaber could result from a conditioned dissimilation of roots of the form DʰlVʰD-/DʰrVʰD- to DlVʰD-/DrVʰD-, comparing trahō.[6]
  • Schrijver 1991:191 considers it likely that PIE *CRHTC- (*CRH- followed by two consonants, the first a plosive) regularly gives Latin *CRăTC- (compare flagrum, fragrō).[2] To explain this development, De Vaan suggests that the laryngeal may have been lost in this context "before the putative allophonic prop vowel was phonologized."[1]

Pronunciation

Adjective

glaber (feminine glabra, neuter glabrum, superlative glaberrimus); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)

  1. smooth
    Synonym: lēvis
  2. hairless
    Antonyms: pūbēscēns, hirsūtus, hispidus, pilōsus, villōsus

Declension

First/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er).

singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative glaber glabra glabrum glabrī glabrae glabra
genitive glabrī glabrae glabrī glabrōrum glabrārum glabrōrum
dative glabrō glabrae glabrō glabrīs
accusative glabrum glabram glabrum glabrōs glabrās glabra
ablative glabrō glabrā glabrō glabrīs
vocative glaber glabra glabrum glabrī glabrae glabra

Derived terms

Descendants

  • → English: glabrous
  • → French: glabre
  • → Italian: glabro
  • → Portuguese: glabro
  • → Romanian: glabru
  • → Spanish: glabro

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “glaber, -bra, -brum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 188, 191, 311
  3. ^ Kluge, Friedrich (1989), “glatt”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
  4. ^ Peter C. H. Schrijver (1995), Studies in British Celtic Historical Phonology (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam; Atlanta, Ga.: Rodopi, page 173.
  5. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*glada-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 179
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Weiss, Michael (2018), “Limited Latin Grassmann's Law: Do We Need It?”, in Dieter Gunkel, Stephanie W. Jamison, Angelo O. Mercado and Kazuhiko Yoshida, editors, Vina Diem Celebrent: Studies in Linguistics and Philology in Honor of Brent Vine, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, page 442
  7. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 8

Further reading

  • “glaber”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “glaber”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “glaber”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
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