gelap
Indonesian
Etymology
Inherited from Malay gelap, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *gəlap (“lightning, storm, darkness”).
Pronunciation
- (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /ɡəˈlap/ [ɡəˈlap̚]
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -ap
- Syllabification: ge‧lap
Adjective
gêlap (comparative lebih gelap, superlative paling gelap or tergelap, equative segelap)
- dark (having an absolute or relative lack of light)
- Synonym: (uncommon) kelam
- dark (dull or deeper in hue)
- (figurative) dark, hidden, secret, obscure
- Synonym: samar
Derived terms
- bergelap-gelap (“to do something in darkness”)
- gelap-gelapan (“secretly; to do something in darkness”)
- kegelap-gelapan (“darkish, darkishness”)
- kegelapan (“darkness”)
- menggelap (“to darken, become dark”)
- menggelapkan (“to darken, make dark”)
- penggelap (“darkener”)
- penggelapan<t:darkening; embezzlement
- gelap buta (“pitch-black”)
- gelap gulita (“pitch-black”)
- (uncommon) gelap katup (“pitch-black”)
- gelap mata (“blindingly angry, blinded by rage”)
- (uncommon) gelap pekat (“pitch-black”)
- pasar gelap (“black market”)
- pasar jaringan gelap (“darknet market”)
References
- Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*gelap₂”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
Further reading
- “gelap”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016
Malay
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *gəlap (“lightning, storm, darkness”).
Pronunciation
- (schwa-variety, /a/-variety, Baku, Riau-Lingga) IPA(key): /ɡəˈlap/ [ɡəˈlap̚]
- Rhymes: -lap, -ap
- Hyphenation: ge‧lap
Adjective
gelap (Jawi spelling ݢلڤ, comparative lebih gelap, superlative paling gelap)
- dark (having little or no light).
- illegal; illicit; black; underground (contrary to the law; done secretly).
- Synonym: haram
- Mereka terlibat dalam perniagaan pasaran gelap.
- They are involved in the black market business.
- obscure; unclear; gloomy (hard to understand or predicting bad fortune).
- Masa depannya nampak gelap.
- His future looks gloomy.
Derived terms
Affixations
- kegelapan (“darkness; obscurity”)
- menggelapkan (“to darken; to embezzle”)
- penggelapan (“embezzlement; obscuration”)
Compounds
- gelap gelita (“pitch black”)
- gelap mata (“blinded (by greed or rage)”)
- kaca mata gelap (“sunglasses”)
- masa gelap (“Dark Ages”)
- pasar gelap (“black market”)
Descendants
- > Indonesian: gelap (inherited)
Further reading
- "gelap" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017
Sundanese
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *gəlap (“lightning, storm, darkness”). Compare Javanese gelap, Manggarai hili-helap.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɡəˈlap̚/
- Hyphenation: ge‧lap
Noun
gelap (Sundanese script ᮌᮨᮜᮕ᮪)
References
- Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*gelap₁”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
Further reading
- "gelap" in Maman Sumantri; Atjep Djamaludin; Achmad Patoni; R.H. Moch. Koerdie; M.O. Koesman; Epa Sjafei Adisastra. (1985), Kamus Sunda-Indonesia [Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia