duire
French
Etymology
Inherited from Old French duire, doire, merger of Latin dūcere (“to lead”) and Latin docere (“to teach”). See conduire.
Pronunciation
Verb
duire
Conjugation
Conjugation of duire (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | duire | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | duisant /dɥi.zɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | duit /dɥi/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | duis /dɥi/ |
duis /dɥi/ |
duit /dɥi/ |
duisons /dɥi.zɔ̃/ |
duisez /dɥi.ze/ |
duisent /dɥiz/ |
| imperfect | duisais /dɥi.zɛ/ |
duisais /dɥi.zɛ/ |
duisait /dɥi.zɛ/ |
duisions /dɥi.zjɔ̃/ |
duisiez /dɥi.zje/ |
duisaient /dɥi.zɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | duisis /dɥi.zi/ |
duisis /dɥi.zi/ |
duisit /dɥi.zi/ |
duisîmes /dɥi.zim/ |
duisîtes /dɥi.zit/ |
duisirent /dɥi.ziʁ/ | |
| future | duirai /dɥi.ʁe/ |
duiras /dɥi.ʁa/ |
duira /dɥi.ʁa/ |
duirons /dɥi.ʁɔ̃/ |
duirez /dɥi.ʁe/ |
duiront /dɥi.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | duirais /dɥi.ʁɛ/ |
duirais /dɥi.ʁɛ/ |
duirait /dɥi.ʁɛ/ |
duirions /dɥi.ʁjɔ̃/ |
duiriez /dɥi.ʁje/ |
duiraient /dɥi.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | duise /dɥiz/ |
duises /dɥiz/ |
duise /dɥiz/ |
duisions /dɥi.zjɔ̃/ |
duisiez /dɥi.zje/ |
duisent /dɥiz/ |
| imperfect2 | duisisse /dɥi.zis/ |
duisisses /dɥi.zis/ |
duisît /dɥi.zi/ |
duisissions /dɥi.zi.sjɔ̃/ |
duisissiez /dɥi.zi.sje/ |
duisissent /dɥi.zis/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | duis /dɥi/ |
— | duisons /dɥi.zɔ̃/ |
duisez /dɥi.ze/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Synonyms
References
Further reading
- “duire”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French duire.
Verb
duire
- to drive (to something)
- 1595, Michel de Montaigne, Essais, book II, chapter 12:
- ceux qui sont duicts à combatre nuds, on les void se ietter aux hazards pareils aux nostres
- Those who are driven to fight naked, we see them fight against dangers similar to ours
- to guide; to assist to do
Old French
Etymology
From Latin dūcere. Found in modern French only as a suffix, -duire, e.g. conduire.
Verb
duire
- to direct, to guide, to lead
- (figuratively) to shape, to govern, to teach
- (figuratively) to accustom, to tame
- (impersonal) to suit, to please, to be pleasing to
- (reflexive) to get used to
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra i before the e of some endings. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of duire (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | duire | avoir duit | |||||
| gerund | en duisant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
| present participle | duisant | ||||||
| past participle | duit | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | dui | duis | duit | duions | duiiez | duient |
| imperfect | duisoie, duiseie | duisoies, duiseies | duisoit, duiseit | duisiiens, duisiens | duisiiez, duisiez | duisoient, duiseient | |
| preterite | duis | duisis | duist | duisimes | duisistes | duistrent | |
| future | duirai | duiras | duira | duirons | duiroiz, duireiz, duirez | duiront | |
| conditional | duiroie, duireie | duiroies, duireies | duiroit, duireit | duiriiens, duiriens | duiriiez, duiriez | duiroient, duireient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | duie | duies | duie | duiiens, duions | duiiez | duient |
| imperfect | duisisse | duisisses | duisist | duisissons, duisissiens | duisissoiz, duisissez, duisissiez | duisissent | |
| compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | dui | — | duions | duiiez | — | ||
Related terms
Descendants
- Middle French: duire
References
- Frédéric Godefroy (1880–1902), “duire”, in Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle […], Paris: F[riedrich] Vieweg; Émile Bouillon, →OCLC.
- “Appendix E: Irregular Verbs” in E. Einhorn (1974), Old French: A Concise Handbook, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 153–154