Reconstruction:Proto-Uto-Aztecan/huC

This Proto-Uto-Aztecan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Uto-Aztecan

Alternative forms

  • *huc(a)

Etymology

From earlier *huc(a), with variation with and without final *-c- appearing in both ‘arrow’ and ‘wood/stick’ senses across the family. This, however, may be due to conflation with *huya,*huLa (“mountain”) and *kut-(ta) (“tree, wood, firewood”), with the former possibly being etymologically related.

Noun

*huC (Stubbs 2011)

  1. arrow, projectile
    Synonym: *suhuma

Reconstruction notes

Evidence for a final *-c- (as seen in the earlier form) comes from descedants O'odham uuš and Cupeño húyal and Cupeño húl. The consonant shows regular development to *-y- in Northern Uto-Aztecan and *-s- in Pimic, although some reflexes appear to preserve only the initial *hu- syllable.

Alternative reconstructions

  • *hu (Manaster Ramer 1993, Miller 1967, Voegelin 1962)
  • *huya, *huLa (“mountain”)
  • *kusi, *wopiN (“wood”)
  • *kut-(ta) (“tree, wood, firewood”)

Descendants

*huC (unmarked)

  • Northern Uto-Aztecan:
    • Hopi: hoohu (“bullet, arrow, projectile”) (first syllable)
    • Kitanemuk: huč (“arrow”)
    • Proto-Numic: *huuh
  • Southern Uto-Aztecan:
    • Cahita:
      • Mayo: júꞌigua (“arrow, cartridge”) (first syllable), >? juyya (“tree, mountain”)
      • Yaqui: >? húya (“tree, mountain”)
    • Opata:
      • Opata: humát (“tree”) (first syllable)
    • Pimic:
      • O'odham: ʼuʼu (“arrow point, bullet, cartridge”), u꞉ṣ (“tree”)
      • Tepehuan:
        • Northern Tepehuan: úúyi (“arrow, cartridge”) (first syllable)
        • Southeastern Tepehuan: uꞌuu (“arrow”)

*huC-ta (absolutive)

  • Northern Uto-Aztecan:
    • Proto-Takic: *huya-l
      • Cupeño: húyal (“arrow”), húl (“arrowhead”)
      • Cahuilla: húyal (“arrow”), húl (“bow and arrow”)

*huC-pi (absolutive)

  • Northern Uto-Aztecan:
    • Proto-Numic: *huuppi

References

  • Stubbs, Brian D. (2020) [2011], “63. *huc(a) > *huC ‘arrow’”, in Uto-Aztecan: A comparative vocabulary‎[1], revised online edition, Flower Mound, Texas: Shumway Family History Services, page 57
  • Manaster Ramer, Alexis (1993), “*hu ‘dart’ (later ‘arrow’)”, in “Blood, tears, and murder: the evidence for Proto-Uto-Aztecan syllable-final consonants”, in Marle, Jaap van, editor, Historical Linguistics 1991: Papers from the 10th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Amsterdam, 12-16 August 1991, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 201 of 199–209
  • Miller, Wick R. (1967), “9 arrow *hu”, in Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets (University of California Publications in Linguistics; 48), Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, page 17
  • Voegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F. M.; Hale, Kenneth L. (1962), “(78) *hu arrow”, in Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan: I (Phonology) (Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics; Memoir 17), Baltimore: Waverly Press, Inc., page 140
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