Reconstruction:Proto-Uto-Aztecan/ïca

This Proto-Uto-Aztecan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Uto-Aztecan

Verb

*ïca (Stubbs 2011, Manaster Ramer 1993)

  1. (transitive) to plant, to sow
    Synonym: *wasa

Reconstruction notes

As noted by Manaster Ramer, Northern Uto-Aztecan has regular development of *-c- > *-y-. The widespread reflexes and agricultural semantics also suggest the presence of cultivation practices among the Proto-Uto-Aztecans.

Alternative reconstructions

  • *ʔe, *ʔei (Miller 1967)
  • *ʼïₛ(ca) (Voegelin 1962)

Derived terms

  • *ïci-tukai (“seed”)
  • *koyni (“to plough”)
  • *moʼi (“to plough, to cultivate”)
  • *yoLi, *yoti (“to plough”)

Descendants

  • Northern Uto-Aztecan:
    • Hopi: uuya (“to plant”), → uyis (“planting season (early summer)”)
    • Proto-Numic: *ïʼa
  • Southern Uto-Aztecan:
    • Cahita:
      • Mayo: eecha (“to plant”)
      • Yaqui: ʼéeča (“to plant”)
    • Corachol:
      • Huichol: ꞌesárica (“to plant”)
      • Cora: ʼe- (“to plant”)
    • Opata:
      • Opata: ecá (“to plant”)
    • Pimic:
      • O'odham: ʼeṣ (“to plant”)
      • Paipai: esa (“to plant”)
      • Tepehuan:
        • Northern Tepehuan: ɨ́sai (“to plant”)
        • Southeastern Tepehuan: ɨs (“to plant”)
    • Tarahumaran:
      • Central Tarahumara: ichá (“to plant”)
      • Huarijio: eca (“to plant”), eča (“to plant”) (present tense), iči-mea (“to plant”)

References

  • Stubbs, Brian D. (2020) [2011], “1635. *ʼïca ‘to plant’”, in Uto-Aztecan: A comparative vocabulary‎[1], revised online edition, Flower Mound, Texas: Shumway Family History Services, page 274
  • Manaster Ramer, Alexis (1993), “*ïca ‘to plant’”, in “Blood, tears, and murder: the evidence for Proto-Uto-Aztecan syllable-final consonants”, in Marle, Jaap van, editor, Historical Linguistics 1991: Papers from the 10th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Amsterdam, 12-16 August 1991, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 205 of 199–209
  • Miller, Wick R. (1967), “323 plant (vb.) *ʔe, *ʔei.; 324 plant (vb.)”, in Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets (University of California Publications in Linguistics; 48), Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, page 50
  • Voegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F. M.; Hale, Kenneth L. (1962), “(119) *ʼïₛ(ca) to plant”, in Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan: I (Phonology) (Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics; Memoir 17), Baltimore: Waverly Press, Inc., page ?
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