Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zemľa

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

    With epenthetic */l/ from earlier *zemja, from *zemь +‎ *-ja, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źémē, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰðʰem- (given as *dʰǵʰ-em- in Derksen), the thorn-variant accusative singular of *dʰéǵʰōm.[1]

    Cognate with Lithuanian žẽmė (“earth”), Latvian zeme (“earth”), Old Prussian semmē (“earth”) ( = zemē, with s due to German orthography), Lithuanian žẽmas (“low”), Latvian zems (“low”), Avestan 𐬰𐬃 (zā̊, “earth”), (acc. 𐬰𐬆𐬨 (zəm)), Sanskrit क्ष (kṣá, “earth”), Persian زمین (zamin, “earth”), Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn, “earth”), Hittite [script needed] (tēkan, “earth”) (gen. [script needed] (taknas)), Latin humus (“ground”), Ancient Greek χαμαί (khamaí, “on the ground”).

    Noun

    *zemľà f[1][2]

    1. earth, soil
    2. land

    Declension

    Declension of *zemľà (soft a-stem, accent paradigm b)
    singular dual plural
    nominative *zemľà *zèmľi *zemľę̇̀
    genitive *zemľę̇̀ *zemľù *zèmľь
    dative *zemľì *zemľàma *zemľàmъ
    accusative *zemľǫ̀ *zèmľi *zemľę̇̀
    instrumental *zemľèjǫ, *zèmľǫ** *zemľàma *zemľàmī
    locative *zemľì *zemľù *zemľàsъ, *zemľàxъ*
    vocative *zemľe *zèmľi *zemľę̇̀

    * -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
    ** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

    Declension of *zemľà (soft a-stem, accent paradigm c)
    singular dual plural
    nominative *zemľà *zȅmľi *zȅmľę̇
    genitive *zemľę̇́ *zemľù *zèmľь
    dative *zemľì *zemľàma *zemľàmъ
    accusative *zȅmľǫ *zȅmľi *zȅmľę̇
    instrumental *zemľejǫ́ *zemľàma *zemľàmi
    locative *zȅmľī *zemľù *zemľàsъ, *zemľàxъ*
    vocative *zemľe *zȅmľi *zȅmľę̇

    * -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.

    Descendants

    • East Slavic:
      • Old East Slavic: землꙗ (zemlja)
        • Old Ruthenian: землꙗ́ (zemljá)
        • Russian: земля́ (zemljá)
      • Old Novgorodian: ꙁемлꙗ (zemlja)
    • South Slavic:
    • West Slavic:

    Further reading

    • Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999), “земля́”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 323
    • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “земля”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “*zemļà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 542: “f. jā (b/c) ‘earth, land’”
    2. ^ Olander, Thomas (2001), “zemja zemjě”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (NA 93, 142; SA 71, 84, 140, 188, 199); b/c (PR 138) land, earth”
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