Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xvaliti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Unknown. Two explanations are proposed:

From *xyliti (“to bow, to bend; to prod, to prompt”) (for stem alternation compare *k-y-siti : *k-va-sъ)
From *xvala +‎ *-iti (see noun for further etymology)

Verb

*xvaliti impf (perfective *poxvaliti)

to praise

Conjugation

Conjugation of *xvaliti, *xvali, *xvalitь (impf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*xvaľenьje	*xvaliti	*xvalitъ	*xvalilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*xvaľenъ	*xvalimъ
Active	*xvaľь	*xvalę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*xvalixъ	*xvali	*xvali	*xvaľǫ	*xvališi	*xvalitь
Dual	*xvalixově	*xvalista	*xvaliste	*xvalivě	*xvalita	*xvalite
Plural	*xvalixomъ	*xvaliste	*xvališę	*xvalimъ	*xvalite	*xvalętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*xvaľaaxъ	*xvaľaaše	*xvaľaaše	—	*xvali	*xvali
Dual	*xvaľaaxově	*xvaľaašeta	*xvaľaašete	*xvalivě	*xvalita	—
Plural	*xvaľaaxomъ	*xvaľaašete	*xvaľaaxǫ	*xvalimъ	*xvalite	—

(*)*xvalivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: хвалити (xvaliti)
  - Old Ruthenian: хвали́ти (xvalíti)^[1]^[2]
    - Belarusian: хвалі́ць (xvalícʹ)
      - (Turov): хвалі́ць (xvalícʹ)
      - (Northwestern Belarus): хвалі́ць (xvalícʹ)
    - Ukrainian: хвали́ти (xvalýty)
  - Russian: хвали́ть (xvalítʹ)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: хвалити (xvaliti)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⱈⰲⰰⰾⰻⱅⰻ (xvaliti)
- Bulgarian: хва̀ля (hvàlja)
- Macedonian: фали (fali)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: хва́лити
  
  Latin script: hváliti
- Slovene: hvalīti (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: chváliti
  - Czech: chválit
- Old Polish: chwalić
  - Polish: chwalić, kwolić (Przemyśl), kwálić (Eastern Lublin, Kocudza)
  - Silesian: chwŏlić, chwolić (Steuer's Silesian Alphabet), kwŏlić
- Polabian: xolĕ (3rd singular)
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: chwalëc
  - Slovincian: chwalëc
- Slovak: chváliť
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: chwalić
  - Lower Sorbian: chwaliś

Non-Slavic:
- → Romanian: făli

Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xvaliti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 119
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “хвалить”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

^ Bulyka, A. M., editor (2016), “хвалити”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 36 (фолкга – чорно), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 54
^ Tymchenko, E. K. (2003), “хвалити”, in Nimchuk, V. V., editor, Матеріали до словника писемної та книжної української мови XV–XVIII ст. [Materials for the Dictionary of the Written and Book Ukrainian Language of 15ᵗʰ–18ᵗʰ cc.] (in Ukrainian), volumes 2 (О – Я), Kyiv, New York: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., →ISBN, page 460

[1] Bulyka, A. M., editor (2016), “хвалити”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 36 (фолкга – чорно), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 54

[2] Tymchenko, E. K. (2003), “хвалити”, in Nimchuk, V. V., editor, Матеріали до словника писемної та книжної української мови XV–XVIII ст. [Materials for the Dictionary of the Written and Book Ukrainian Language of 15ᵗʰ–18ᵗʰ cc.] (in Ukrainian), volumes 2 (О – Я), Kyiv, New York: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., →ISBN, page 460

[1]

[2]

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Verb

Conjugation

Descendants

Further reading