Reconstruction:Proto-Siouan/wąthó

This Proto-Siouan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Siouan

Etymology

Borrowed from Proto-Algonquian *maθkwa (“bear”), as proposed by Guillaume Jacques (2012).[1]

Noun

*wąthó

  1. black bear
    Synonyms: *wi-hų́te, *wa-sápE
  2. grizzly bear

Reconstruction notes

The Ohio Valley forms show several irregular developments:

  • Raising and backing from *ą to ų
  • Stress shift from final to penultimate syllable
  • Presence of vowel length
  • Aspirated th
  • Change from *o to i

These irregularities may result from conflation with Proto-Siouan *wi-hų́te (“(black) bear”).[2]

Descendants

  • Pre-Mandan:
    • Mandan: wątóʔ
  • Proto-Mississippi-Valley: *mąthó
    • Proto-Dakota: *mąthó
    • Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere: *mąthó
      • Chiwere: mąthó
      • Winnebago: mąčó
    • Proto-Dhegiha: *mąthó
      • Omaha-Ponca: mąčhó (“bear”), mąthó (“grizzly”)
      • Kansa: mičhó
      • Osage: 𐓨𐓣͘𐓳𐓶́ (mįhcú)
      • Quapaw: mąthó, mąčhó
    • Proto-Ohio-Valley: *mų́·thi
      • Proto-Ofo-Biloxi:
        • Ofo: ų́·thi
        • Biloxi: ǫti
      • Tutelo: hamų́·thih

Notes

  1. ^ Guillaume Jacques (2012), “A Siouan-Algonquian Wanderwort: the name of the bear”, in Amerindia, volume 36, pages 183-189
  2. ^ Oliverio, Giulia R. M.; Rankin, Robert L. (2003), “On the Sub-grouping of the Virginia Siouan Languages”, in Blair A. Rudes and David J. Costa, editors, Essays in Algonquian, Catawban, and Siouan Linguistics in Memory of Frank T. Siebert, Jr., Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, pages 165-180

References

  • Robert L. Rankin, Richard T. Carter, A. Wesley Jones, John E. Koontz, David S. Rood, Iren Hartmann, editors (2015), “Entry #1124”, in Comparative Siouan Dictionary‎[1], Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
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