Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/ḳel-

This Proto-Kartvelian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Kartvelian

Etymology 1

    Root 1

    *ḳel- : *ḳl-

    1. to lack, to be short of something
    Reconstruction notes

    Despite Fähnrich-Sarǯvelaʒe deriving Mingrelian გიი-პ-კალ-იფ-ი (gii-ṗ-ḳal-ip-i, “[I] left (empty-handed)”) from this root, its basic meaning is "to empty, leave" rather than "to lack" (cf. კალ-იფ-უ-ა (ḳal-ip-u-a, “vacating, becoming empty”)).

    The more likely, if only slightly unusual, Zan descendants are linked by Kiria. For that cognate set რკ- ← *კრ- ← *კლ- (rḳ- ← *ḳr- ← *ḳl-) process is to be assumed.

    Derived terms
    • ⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *m-ḳl-e- (“deprived, lacking, short”)
      • Old Georgian: მოკლჱ (moḳlē, “short”)
        • Georgian: მოკლე (moḳle), მკლე (mḳle) (Khevsureti)
      • Zan:
        • Laz: მკულე (mǩule, “short”)
        • ⇒ Mingrelian: ხე-კულე (xe-ḳule, “deprived of hand(s)”)
    Descendants
    • Proto-Georgian-Zan:
      • ⇒ Old Georgian: კლებაჲ (ḳlebay, “decline, decrease (in numbers)”), დაკლებაჲ (daḳlebay, “depriving, losing, loss”), მაკლს (maḳls, “[I] lack”)
      • Zan:
        • ⇒ Laz: დორკინუ (dorǩinu, “decline, decrease”)
        • ⇒ Mingrelian: დორკაფა (dorḳapa, “depriving, losing, loss”)
    • ⇒ Svan: ლიკლი (liḳli, “depriving, losing, loss”), ხოკლი (xoḳli, “[he, she, it] lacks (something)”)
    Root 2

    *ḳel- : *ḳl-

    1. to be lame, limp
    Descendants
    • Proto-Georgian-Zan:
      • ⇒ Old Georgian: კელობაჲ (ḳelobay, “limping”), მკელობელი (mḳelobeli, “lame”), მკელობრებაჲ (mḳelobrebay, “lameness”)
      • Zan: *ḳal-
        • →? Old Armenian: կաղ (kał)
    • ⇒ Svan: მჷკლი (məḳli, “lame, limping”), იკლი (iḳli, “[he, she, it] limps”), ლა̈ჲკილა (läyḳila, “[he, she, it] limped”)
    References
    • Brosset, M. (1834), “Aperçu général de la langue géorgienne”, in Journal asiatique (in French), volume 14, page 385 of 369–405
    • Klimov, G. A. (1998), Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 89
    • Fähnrich, Heinz; Sarǯvelaʒe, Zurab (2000), Kartvelur enata eṭimologiuri leksiḳoni [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages] (in Georgian), 2nd edition, Tbilisi: University Press, page 268
    • Fähnrich, Heinz (2007), Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 227–228
    • Kiria, Č̣abuḳi; Ezugbaia, Lali; Memišiši, Omar; Čuxua, Merab (2015), Lazur-megruli gramaṭiḳa [Laz–Mingrelian Grammar] (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Gamomcemloba Meridiani, page 832
    • Thorsø, Rasmus (2023), Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate‎[1], PhD dissertation, Leiden University, page 54

    Etymology 2

      Root

      *ḳel- : *ḳl-

      1. to get stuck, crammed in
      Descendants
      • Proto-Georgian-Zan:
        • ⇒ Georgian: დაკელვა (daḳelva, “to press, twist together”)
        • Zan:
          • ⇒ Mingrelian: დონკალუა (donḳalua, “stuffing, cramming full”)
      • ⇒ Svan: ხენკე̄ლი (xenḳēli, “[it's] stuck, crammed, imprisoned”), ხენკლი (xenḳli)

      References

      • Čuxua, Merab (2000–2003), Kartvelur ena-ḳilota šedarebiti leksiḳoni [The Kartvelian Comparative Dictionary] (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Universali, page 171
      • Fähnrich, Heinz (2007), Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 227
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