Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/yákr̥

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yákr̥ ~ *yaknáh (“liver”).

Noun

*yákr̥ ~ *yaxnáh^[1]

liver

Inflection

neuter consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yákr̥	*yáxniH	*yákār
vocative	*yákr̥	*yáxniH	*yákār
accusative	*yákr̥	*yáxniH	*yákār
instrumental	*yaxnáH	*yakábʰyā(m)	*yakábʰiš
ablative	*yaxnáh	*yakábʰyā(m)	*yakábʰyaH
dative	*yaxnáy	*yakábʰyā(m)	*yakábʰyaH
genitive	*yaxnáh	*yakaHā́h	*yaxnáHam
locative	*yakán(i)	*yakaHáw	*yakáhu

Derived terms

*yáxnyaH^[2]^[3] (+ *-yaH)
- Proto-Pathan: *yixnʲā
  - Pashto: ینه (yëna), یېنه (yena), اینه f (īna)
  - Waneci: ینه (yina)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *yēxn
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha: *yēɣn
    - Yidgha: ییغن (yēγᵊn)
*yákr̥nah^[4] (+ *-nah)
- Proto-Scythian: *yagarni
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *ɣ́agarri^[5]
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (gyagarrä)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬆 (yākar^ə) (lectio difficilior of *yakarə^[6])
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *yakər
  - Proto-Sarmatian: *yəgar
    - Alanic: *igær
      - Digor Ossetian: егӕр (egær)
      - Iron Ossetian: игӕр (igær)
- Sogdian: (/⁠yakarē⁠/)
  Sogdian script: 𐼷𐼸𐽀𐼷 (ykry)
  
  Syriac script: ܝܩܪܝ (yqry)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ormuri: ځاݭر (źāśr)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: جگر (jagar, jigar)
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: جگەر (ciger), جەرگ (cerg)
  
  Northern Kurdish: ceger, cerg
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
  - Gurani: یەھەر (yahar)
  - Old Azari: جگر (ǰigar)
    - Harzani: جیگر (ǰīgar)
    - Karingani: جیگر (ǰīgar)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ykl /⁠ǰagar⁠/)
  - Lurish:
    Northern Luri: جیںر (ciər)
    
    Bakhtiari: جیںر (cyər)
  - Classical Persian: جگر (ǰigar) (see there for further descendants)
    - Dari: جگر (ǰigar)
    - Iranian Persian: جگر (ǰegar)
    - Tajik: ҷигар (jigar)
      - → Yaghnobi: ҷигар (jigar)
    - → Munji: جگر (jigar)
    - → Parachi: جگر (jigar)
    - → Pashto: ځګر (źigar), ځيګر (źīgar), جګر (jigar)
  - →? Latin: gigēria (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*i̯akar-, *i̭ak-r- / i̯ak-n- > *i̯ax-n-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 438-44
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (1938), “'yēγən”, in Iranian Pamir Languages (Yidgha-Munji, Sanglechi-Ishkashmi and Wakhi) (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co., page 112: “*yaxnya-”
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “y'əna”, in J. Elfenbein, David Neil MacKenzie, Nicholas Sims-Williams, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN: “*yaxniyā-”
^ Emmerick, Ronald E. (1989), Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, § 3.2.3 Khotanese and Tumshuqese, page 214: “*yakr̥na-”
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2016), Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische [Introduction to East-Central Iranian]‎^[1] (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, page 17: “*ɣ́aɣarr-”
^ de Vaan, Michiel (2003), Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 68-69

[1] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*i̯akar-, *i̭ak-r- / i̯ak-n- > *i̯ax-n-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 438-44

[2] Morgenstierne, Georg (1938), “'yēγən”, in Iranian Pamir Languages (Yidgha-Munji, Sanglechi-Ishkashmi and Wakhi) (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co., page 112: “*yaxnya-”

[3] Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “y'əna”, in J. Elfenbein, David Neil MacKenzie, Nicholas Sims-Williams, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN: “*yaxniyā-”

[4] Emmerick, Ronald E. (1989), Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, § 3.2.3 Khotanese and Tumshuqese, page 214: “*yakr̥na-”

[5] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2016), Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische [Introduction to East-Central Iranian]‎^[1] (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, page 17: “*ɣ́aɣarr-”

[6] Vaan, Michiel (2003), Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 68-69

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