Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wacáh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *watsás.^[1]

Noun

*wacáh

yearling calf

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wacáh	*wacā́(w)	*wacā́h(ah)
vocative	*wáca	*wácā(w)	*wácāh(ah)
accusative	*wacám	*wacā́(w)	*wacā́nh
instrumental	*wacáH	*wacáybʰyā(m)	*wacā́yš
ablative	*wacā́t	*wacáybʰyā(m)	*wacáybʰyah
dative	*wacā́y	*wacáybʰyā(m)	*wacáybʰyah
genitive	*wacáhya	*wacáyāh	*wacā́naHam
locative	*wacáy	*wacáyaw	*wacáyšu

Reconstruction notes

Many of the descendants are suffixed with *-akah.

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *wasi
  - ⇒ Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *wasaki
    - Proto-Saka: *basaki
      - Khotanese: [script needed] (basakä)
    - Wakhi: wəšk, wušk
  - Proto-Sarmatian: *was
    - Alanic: *wæs
      - Digor Ossetian: уӕс (wæs)
  - → Proto-Mansi: *wē̮səɣ^[2]
    - Northern Mansi: [script needed] (wāsiɣ)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ormuri: [script needed] (ɣoskák)
- Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
  - Ishkashimi: [script needed] (wusuk)
  - Sanglechi: [script needed] (wasōk)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
  - Sarikoli: wišk
  - Yazghulami: в̌ус (wus)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: گوسک (gwask)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: gîsk
  
  Central Kurdish: گیسک (gîsk), گێسک (gêsk)
  
  Southern Kurdish: گیسک (gîsk)
- Gurani: گێسک (gēsk)
- → Old Armenian: Վասակ (Vasak)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Larestani: گیسه (gēsa)
- Middle Persian: (/⁠wahīg⁠/, “Capricorn sign; kid; he-goat”)
  Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫍𐫏𐫃 (whyg)
  
  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (whyk'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ZZLA)
  - Bakhtiari: بیگ (bīg)
  - Classical Persian: بهی (bahī, “Capricorn sign”) (only in Albiruni works)

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “vatsá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Sampsa Holopainen. Notes on Alanic and other steppe Iranian loanwords in Hungarian, Ob-Ugric and Permic (2022).

Edward F. Bryant and Laurie L (2005). Patton, eds. The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. London and New York: Routledge, P 201

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “vatsá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[2] Sampsa Holopainen. Notes on Alanic and other steppe Iranian loanwords in Hungarian, Ob-Ugric and Permic (2022).

[1]

[2]