Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/upári

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

    From Proto-Indo-Iranian *upári.

    Adverb

    *upári

    1. above, over

    Descendants

    • Central Iranian
      • Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upairi) [1]
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (vīra, “on”) [2]
      • Sogdo-Bactrian: [3]
        • Khwarezmian: پر (pr /⁠par⁠/)
        • Proto-Sogdic:
          • Sogdian: (/⁠par⁠/, “to; on; at; in; for; upon”)
            Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫡 (pr)
            Sogdian script: 𐼾𐽀 (pr)
            Syriac script: ܦܪ (pr)
          • Yaghnobi: пар (par)
    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Pashto: پر (pər, “on; upon; over; above”) (only used as prefix) [4]
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Baluchi: ابر (abur, “top, up; head, chief”) (perhaps)
      • Kurdish: ("before; over")
        Central Kurdish: وه‌ر (war) (used as prefix)
        Northern Kurdish: wer (war) (used as prefix)
        Southern Kurdish: وه‌ر (war) (used as prefix and single word)
      • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
        • Caspian:
          • Old Mazanderani: بر (bar), ور (war, “in; at; on, upon; up”)
            • Mazanderani: ور (var) (only used as prefix; e.g. ورکشین (var-këšīn, “to take up”))
          • Gurgani: ور (war, “in; at; on, upon”)
          • Gilaki: وه (vi-, “up”) (only used as prefix; e.g. ورشت (vi-rišt, “rose up”)), بٚه (bə, “upon; to; on”)
        • Old Median:
          • Talysh: (/⁠pe-⁠/, “up”) (only used as prefix; e.g. pe-gat (pe-gat, “took up”) in Northern Talysh)
            Arabic script: په
            Latin script: pe
        • Parthian: (/⁠abar⁠/) [5]
          Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭒𐭃𐭌 (QDM) (Logogram)
          Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁𐫡 (ʾbr)
        • Zaza- Gurani:
          • Gurani: ۋه‌ر (ʋar, “over; on; up”) (only used as prefix)
          • Zazaki: ver (wa, “before”) (used as prefix)
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Old Persian: 𐎢𐎱𐎼𐎡𐎹 (u-p-r-i-y /⁠upariy⁠/, “prefix and adverb, means "up" or "top" or "upon"”) [6]
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠abar⁠/, “over, super, on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word) [7]
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (QDM) (Logogram), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾpl)
          Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁𐫡 (ʾbr), 𐫀𐫂𐫡 (ʾβr)
          Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭣𐭬 (QDM) (Logogram)
          Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮋𐮃𐮋 (QDM) (Logogram)
          Pazend script: 𐬀𐬬𐬀𐬭 (avar)
          • Classical Persian: ابر (abar), بر (bar), ور (war, “top; on, upon”) (all used as prefix or single word)
            Dari: ابر (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), بر (bar), ور (war, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)
            Iranian Persian: ابر (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), بر (bar), ور (var, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)
            Tajik: абар (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), бар (bar), вар (var, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)

    References

    1. ^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904), “upairi”, in Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎[1] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 236
    2. ^ Bailey, H. W. (1979), “vīra”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 433
    3. ^ Gharib, B. (1995), “pr”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 344a
    4. ^ [2], "پر" at online dictionary (Qamosona); Pashto English Dictionary (Testversion)
    5. ^ Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004), “ʾbr”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 12
    6. ^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904), “upairi”, in Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎[3] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 236
    7. ^ Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004), “ʾbr”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 12
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