Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/baywā́

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

The origin is uncertain; perhaps related to Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰúHriš (“abundant, plentiful”).

Noun

*baywā́^[1]^[2]^[3]

great multitude, myriad
(later, dialectal) ten thousand

Inflection

consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*baywā́	*baywárā(w)	*baywárah
vocative	*báywar	*báywarā(w)	*báywarah
accusative	*baywáram	*baywárā(w)	*baywráh
instrumental	*baywráH	*baywŕ̥bʰyā(m)	*baywŕ̥bʰiš
ablative	*baywŕ̥š	*baywŕ̥bʰyā(m)	*baywŕ̥bʰyaH
dative	*baywráy	*baywŕ̥bʰyā(m)	*baywŕ̥bʰyaH
genitive	*baywŕ̥š	*baywŕ̥Hāh	*baywráHam
locative	*baywári	*baywŕ̥Haw	*baywŕ̥šu

Derived terms

*Baywr̥aspah^[4] (male personal name)
- Old Ossetic:
  - → Ancient Greek: Βαιόρασπος (Baióraspos) [220 CE, Tanais]
- Old Persian: *Baivaraspah (literally “[having] ten thousand horses”) (male personal name)
  - Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Bywlʾsp' /⁠bēwarasp⁠/)^[5]
    
    Pazend script: 𐬠𐬀𐬈𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬁𐬯𐬞 (baeuuarāsp /⁠baevarāsp⁠/)
    - Classical Persian: بیوَرَاسْپ (bēwarāsp), بیوَرَاسْب (bēwarāsb)
      - Iranian Persian: بیوراسب (bivarâsb), بیوراسپ (bivarâsp)
    - → Old Armenian: Բիւրասպ (Biwrasp)

Descendants

Eastern Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (baēuuar^ə)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *bēwarē
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *bēwaru (< acc.sg. *baywáram)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (byūrru)^[6]
  - Proto-Sarmatian: *bēware
    - Alanic: βαιορ (baior), βαιορα (baiora /⁠bēwaræ⁠/)^[7]^[8]^[9]
      - Ossetian:
        Digor Ossetian: берӕ (beræ), беурӕ (bewræ)
        Iron Ossetian: би́рӕ (bíræ)
        →? West Circassian: бэрэ (bɛrɛ, “many times, a lot; long time”)
    - → Ancient Greek: Βαιόρμαιος (Baiórmaios, m.pn.) [2nd c. CE, Olbia]
    - → Ancient Greek: Βευραζούρια (Beurazoúria, f.pn.) [4th c. CE, Mtskheta]
    - → Ancient Greek: Ὀυμβηούαρος (Oumbēoúaros, m.pn.) [2nd c. CE, Olbia]
    - →? Latin: Beorgus, Beorgor (m.pn.) [5th c., Italy]
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: βηοαρο (bēoaro /⁠bēwar⁠/)
  - Sogdian: (/⁠βrḗwər⁠/)
    Imperial Aramaic script: [Imperial Aramaic needed] (RYPW)
    
    Manichaean script: 𐫂𐫡𐫏𐫇𐫡 (βrywr), 𐫂𐫡𐫏𐫏𐫇𐫡 (βryywr)^[10]
    
    Old Sogdian script: 𐼂𐼘𐼊𐼇𐼘 (βrywr)
    
    Syriac script: ܒܪܝܘܪ
Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian: 𐫁𐫏𐫇𐫡 (bywr /⁠bēwar⁠/)
  - → Old Armenian: բեւր (bewr), բիւր (biwr)
    - Armenian: բյուր (byur)
    - → Old Georgian: ბევრი (bevri) (or from Alanic)
      - Georgian: ბევრი (bevri)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *baivaram
  - Middle Persian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫏𐫇𐫡 (bywr /⁠bēwar⁠/)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Term?] (/⁠bēwar⁠/)
    Pazend script: 𐬠𐬀𐬈𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭 (baeuuar /⁠baevar⁠/)
    - Classical Persian: بیوَر (bēwar), بیوَار (bēwār)
      - Iranian Persian: بیور (bivar), بیوار (bivâr)
      - Tajik: бевар (bevar)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: بیور (bîver), بیوار (bîvâr)

References

^ Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2007), “*baiu̯ar- / *baiu̯an-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 63–64
^ Bartholomae, Christian (1895–1901), “Vorgeschichte der iranischen Sprachen [Prehistory of the Iranian Languages]”, in Wilhelm Geiger, Ernst Kuhn, editors, Grundriß der iranischen Philologie [Outline of Iranian Philology] (in German), volume I, part I, Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, page 112
^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904), Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 913
^ Hinz, Walther (1975), Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[2] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 62
^ Nyberg, H. S. (1974), “bēvar”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page Bēvar-asp
^ Bailey, H. W. (1979), Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 309
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2016), Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische [Introduction to East-Central Iranian]‎^[3] (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
^ Abajev, V. I. (1958), Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 262
^ Abajev, V. I. (1949), Осетинский язык и фольклор I [Ossetian Language and Folklore I]‎^[4] (in Russian), Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 159–160
^ Gharib, B. (1995), “βryywr”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 111a

[1] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2007), “*baiu̯ar- / *baiu̯an-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 63–64

[2] Bartholomae, Christian (1895–1901), “Vorgeschichte der iranischen Sprachen [Prehistory of the Iranian Languages]”, in Wilhelm Geiger, Ernst Kuhn, editors, Grundriß der iranischen Philologie [Outline of Iranian Philology] (in German), volume I, part I, Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, page 112

[3] Bartholomae, Christian (1904), Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 913

[4] Hinz, Walther (1975), Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[2] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 62

[5] Nyberg, H. S. (1974), “bēvar”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page Bēvar-asp

[6] Bailey, H. W. (1979), Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 309

[7] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2016), Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische [Introduction to East-Central Iranian]‎^[3] (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena

[8] Abajev, V. I. (1958), Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 262

[9] Abajev, V. I. (1949), Осетинский язык и фольклор I [Ossetian Language and Folklore I]‎^[4] (in Russian), Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 159–160

[10] Gharib, B. (1995), “βryywr”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 111a

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