Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Háyxam

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Thematicized from earlier *Háyxš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykš, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óyg-s ~ *h₁ig-s-és, from *h₁eyg- (“ice, frost”) +‎ *-s.

Noun

*Háyxam n^[1]^[2]^[3]

ice, frost

Inflection

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Háyxam	*Háyxay	*HáyxaH
vocative	*Háyxam	*Háyxay	*HáyxaH
accusative	*Háyxam	*Háyxay	*HáyxaH
instrumental	*HáyxaH	*Háyxaybʰyā(m)	*Háyxāyš
ablative	*Háyxāt	*Háyxaybʰyā(m)	*Háyxaybʰyah
dative	*Háyxāy	*Háyxaybʰyā(m)	*Háyxaybʰyah
genitive	*Háyxahya	*Háyxayāh	*HáyxānaHam
locative	*Háyxay	*Háyxayaw	*Háyxayšu

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬑𐬆𐬨 n (aēxəm, “frost, ice”)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *ēxu
  - Proto-Sarmatian: *ēx
    - Alanic: *ex^[4]
      - Ossetian: (“ice, hail”)
        Digor Ossetian: ех (ex)
        
        Iron Ossetian: их (ix)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾyx/yyx /⁠(y)ēx⁠/)
  - Proto-Sogdic:
    - Sogdian: (/⁠yaxn⁠/)
      Sogdian script: 𐼷𐼷𐼹𐼲𐼻 (yyδɣn /⁠(y)ēδxān⁠/, “icebox, glaicier”)
      
      Syriac script: ܝܟܢܘ (yxnw /⁠yaxn⁠/, “ice”)
      
      Sogdian script: 𐼷𐼻𐼲𐼷𐼻𐼰𐼸 (ynɣynʾk /⁠yanxēnē⁠/, “icy”)
      
      Manichaean script: 𐫏𐫑𐫗𐫏𐫏 (yxnyy /⁠yaxnē⁠/, “left over food”)
      - → Pashto: يخني (yaxní, “cold; frost; pottage, soupe”)
        → Persian: یخنی (yaxni, “a kind of food; cold cooked meat;”)
      - → Arabic: يخني (yaḵni, “stew”)
    - Yaghnobi: ӣх (ix), ех (yex)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: اسۍ (asáy, “hoar-frost; fog; mist”)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *īxu
  - Yidgha: یاخ (yāx, “cold”)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *īx́
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *īš
      - Shughni:
        Khughni, Roshani: īš
      - Sarikoli: īš
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: یخ (yax, “cold; ice”), لخ (lux, “icy”) (possibly)
- Caspian:
  - Gilaki: یخ (yəx, “ice”)
  - Mazanderani: یخ (yax, “ice”)
- Old Median:
  - Old Azari: یخدان (box, icebox)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: 𐬫𐬀𐬑 (yax /⁠ēx⁠/, “ice”)
  - Persian: یخ (yax, “ice”)

References

^ Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*aixa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 140-143
^ Edelman, D. I. (1980), “History of the consonant systems of the North-Pamir Languages”, in Indo-Iranian Journal, volume 22, number 4, Brill, →JSTOR, page 294
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 96
^ Kim, Ronald I. (2007), “Two problems of Ossetic nominal morphology”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies and Historical Linguistics‎^[2], volume 112, →DOI, →ISSN, page 1

[ESIJa-1] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*aixa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 140-143

[2] Edelman, D. I. (1980), “History of the consonant systems of the North-Pamir Languages”, in Indo-Iranian Journal, volume 22, number 4, Brill, →JSTOR, page 294

[3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 96

[4] Kim, Ronald I. (2007), “Two problems of Ossetic nominal morphology”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies and Historical Linguistics‎^[2], volume 112, →DOI, →ISSN, page 1

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