Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/θanǰáyati

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *tʰanǰʰáyati or *tanǰʰáyati, from Proto-Indo-European *tongʰ-éye-ti, from *tengʰ- (“to pull, weigh down”) +‎ *-éyeti. *θ- is unexpected; perhaps the result of the influence of a similar word.

Verb

*θanǰáyati^[1]^[2]^[3]

to pull
to weigh (down)

Inflection

aya-causative
Sing.	3rd	*θanǰáyati
Plur.	3rd	*θanǰáyanti
Active voice
		Indicative	Imperfect	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
Sing.	1st	*θanǰáyaH(mi)	*θanǰáyam	—	*θanǰáyaH(ni)	*θanǰáyayam
	2nd	*θanǰáyahi	*θanǰáyah	*θanǰáya	*θanǰáyaHah(i)	*θanǰáyayš
	3rd	*θanǰáyati	*θanǰáyat	*θanǰáyatu	*θanǰáyaHat(i)	*θanǰáyayt
Dual	1st	?	?	—	?	?
	2nd	*θanǰáyaθHah	?	*θanǰáyaθHam	?	?
	3rd	*θanǰáyatah	*θanǰáyatam	*θanǰáyatām	*θanǰáyaHtah	?
Plur.	1st	*θanǰáyāmah(i)	*θanǰáyāma	—	*θanǰáyaHama	*θanǰáyayma
	2nd	*θanǰáyaθHa	*θanǰáyata	*θanǰáyata	*θanǰáyaHθaHa	*θanǰáyayta
	3rd	*θanǰáyanti	*θanǰáyantu	*θanǰáyantu	*θanǰáyaHant(i)	*θanǰáyayant
Participle		*θanǰáyāh
Mediopassive voice
		Indicative	Imperfect	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
Sing.	1st	*θanǰáyay	*θanǰáyay	—	*θanǰáyaHi	*θanǰáyaya
	2nd	*θanǰáyahay	*θanǰáyaha	*θanǰáyahwa	*θanǰáyaHahay	*θanǰáyayša
	3rd	*θanǰáyatay	*θanǰáyata	*θanǰáyatām	*θanǰáyaHatay	*θanǰáyayta
Dual	1st	?	?	—	?	?
	2nd	*θanǰáyayθHay	?	?	?	?
	3rd	*θanǰáyaytay	*θanǰáyaytam	?	?	*θanǰáyayātam
Plur.	1st	*θanǰáyāmaday	*θanǰáyāmadi	—	*θanǰáyaHāmaday	*θanǰáyaymadi
	2nd	*θanǰáyadway	*θanǰáyadwam	*θanǰáyaydwam	*θanǰáyaHadway	*θanǰáyaydwam
	3rd	θanǰáyantay, -aray	*θanǰáyanta	*θanǰáyantām	θanǰáyaHantay, -aHaram	*θanǰáyayanta
Participle		*θanǰáyaHnah

Derived terms

*āθanǰáyati (“to draw, draw up, draw out”)
- Parthian:
  Parthian: 𐫀𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫋𐫏𐫅 (ʾhynjyd), 𐫀𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫋𐫏𐫏𐫅 (ʾhynjyyd /⁠āhenǰ-⁠/)
  - → Middle Persian: (/⁠āhanǰēd⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫉𐫏𐫅 (ʾhynzyd /⁠āhanzēd⁠/)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhncyt)
    - Persian: آهیختن (âhixtan), آهنگ (âhang)
- Zazaki: ānǰen-
*awaθanǰáyati (“to pull up?”)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫇𐫍𐫗𐫋𐫏 (ʾwhnjy /⁠ōhenǰ-⁠/, pres.stem?)
*fraθanǰáyati (“to pull towards”)
- Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬧𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (fraθaṇjaiieⁱti, “to drive to”)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫜𐫡𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫋𐫀𐫆 (frhynjʾẖ /⁠frahenǰ-⁠/, “to instruct, educate”, 2sg.subj.)
  - → Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (plhhtn /⁠frahixtan⁠/, “to educate, instruct, teach”)
    - Persian: فرهیختن (farhixtan), فرهنگ (farhang)
*niθanǰáyati (“to pull back”)
- Bactrian: ναυαγγο (nauango), ναυαγγινδο (nauangindo)
- Khotanese: [script needed] (nuhaṃj-)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫍𐫗𐫋𐫏𐫗𐫅 (nhnjynd /⁠nihenǰ-⁠/, 3pl.pres.)
- Middle Persian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫉𐫀𐫅 (nhynzʾd /⁠nihenzād⁠/, subj.)
  
  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nhʾht /⁠nihāxt⁠/, perf.pass.)
- → Old Armenian: նահանջեմ (nahanǰem, “to retreat”)
*pariθanǰáyati (“to stretch”)
- Sogdian:
  Buddhist: [script needed] (prδʾɣtʾkw ɣʾy, 3sg.pret.intr.)
  
  Christian: [script needed] (pryθyncnt, 3pl.impf.)
*patiθanǰáyati (“to pull out; to weigh”)
- Khwarezmian: [script needed] (pθxs-, “to take refuge in (God)”)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫅𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫋𐫀𐫆 (pdhynjʾẖ /⁠padhenǰ-⁠/, “to weigh”, 2sg.subj.)
- Sogdian: (/⁠pati-⁠/, “to pull out”)
  Buddhist: [script needed] (pδʾyncʾt)
  
  Manichaean script: 𐫂𐫇𐫎‎ 𐫛𐫔𐫔𐫀𐫄𐫎𐫏𐫏 (βwṯ‎ pδδʾɣṯyy, “is pulled out”)
*upaθanǰáyati (“to pull up”)
- Khotanese: [script needed] (bāthaṃj-, “to pluck out”)
- → Old Armenian: պահանջեմ (pahanǰem, “to demand back”)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬚𐬀𐬧𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙𐬈 (θaṇjaiieṇte, 3pl.pres.med.)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian:
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (thaṃj-)
  - Wakhi: [script needed] (tanj-)
    - → Kermanic:
      Isfahani: [script needed] (tanj-)
- Sogdian: (/⁠θeṁč-⁠/)
  Buddhist: [script needed] (δyncʾk, “to pull out”, pres.part.)
  - → Persian: لنجیدن (lenjidan, lanjidan) (Balkhi)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Sanglechi: [script needed] (inj-)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: ھەڵ-ھێنجان (hell-hêncan)
  
  Southern Kurdish: ھەڵ-ھێنجانن (hell-hêncanin), ئەڵ-ونجانن (ell-wincanin)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian: *θanǰáyati
  - Proto-Komisenian:
    - Aftari: anj-
    - Sangisari: [script needed] (enj-)
  - Old Median: *θanǰayati (“to draw (water), irrigate”)
    - Middle Median: *hanǰēd
      - Kermanic: (“to irrigate”)
        Gazi: [script needed] (enj-)
        Khuri, Soi: [script needed] (henj-)
      - Tatic:
        Central Tati: (h)enj-
        Southern Tati: hönj-
        Talysh: [script needed] (hinj-), [script needed] (xənj-)
      - → Middle Persian:
        Book Pahlavi script: 𐮴𐮵𐮿𐯍𐮲𐯁 (hncyt /⁠hanǰēd⁠/, “to draw (water)”)
        Persian: هنجیدن (hanjidan)
    - Semnani: [script needed] (inj-)
- → Old Persian: *θanǰayati
  - Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi script: 𐮽𐮵𐮿𐯍𐮲𐯁 (𐮽𐮵𐮿𐯍𐮲𐯁 /⁠sanǰed⁠/, “to weigh”)
    - Persian: سختن (saxtan), سنجیدن (sanjidan)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Shirazi: [script needed] (tanzīdan, “to weigh”)^[4] (dated?)

References

^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*θanǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 391-392
^ Emmerick, Ronald E. (1989), Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, § 3.2.3 Khotanese and Tumshuqese, page 213
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta
^ Lentz, Wolfgang (1926), “Die nordiranischen Elemente in der neupersischen Literatursprache bei Firdosi”, in Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik‎^[2] (in German), volume 4, page 301

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*θanǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 391-392

[2] Emmerick, Ronald E. (1989), Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, § 3.2.3 Khotanese and Tumshuqese, page 213

[3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta

[4] Lentz, Wolfgang (1926), “Die nordiranischen Elemente in der neupersischen Literatursprache bei Firdosi”, in Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik‎^[2] (in German), volume 4, page 301

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