Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/čiθráh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čitrás.

Adjective

*čiθráh^[1]^[2]

Noun

*čiθráh^[2]

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*čiθráh	*čiθrā́(w)	*čiθrā́h(ah)
vocative	*číθra	*číθrā(w)	*číθrāh(ah)
accusative	*čiθrám	*čiθrā́(w)	*čiθrā́nh
instrumental	*čiθráH	*čiθráybʰyā(m)	*čiθrā́yš
ablative	*čiθrā́t	*čiθráybʰyā(m)	*čiθráybʰyah
dative	*čiθrā́y	*čiθráybʰyā(m)	*čiθráybʰyah
genitive	*čiθráhya	*čiθráyāh	*čiθrā́naHam
locative	*čiθráy	*čiθráyaw	*čiθráyšu

Derived terms

Proto-Iranian: *čiθrákah^[3]
- Baluchi: چهرگ (čihrag)
- Gilaki: چره (čəre)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: çehre (čahra)
- Old Mazanderani: چیره (čēra ~ čīra)
  - Mazanderani: چیره (čīre)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫏𐫍𐫡𐫃 (cyhrg /⁠čihrag⁠/)
- Pashto: څيره (cēra), څېره (cera)
- → Old Persian: *čiθrakah
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠čihrag⁠/)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (cyhlk')
    
    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭰𐭤𐭫𐭪𐭩 (chlky)
    - Classical Persian: چهره (čihra, “face”)
      - Dari: چهره (čihra)
      - Iranian Persian: چهره (čehre)
      - Tajik: чиҳра (čihra)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (ciθra)
  - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (gaociθra)
    - → Old Persian: *gāuciθrah
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠gōčihr, gōzihr⁠/, “Dragon, lunar node; eclipse”)
        Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫇𐫝𐫏𐫍𐫡 (gwcyhr)
        
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwcyhl)
        
        Classical Persian: گوزهر (gawzahr, “lunar node; a kind of reptile”)
        → Arabic: جوزهر (jawzahar, “lunar node; Moon sphere”)
        → Persian: جوزهر (jowzahar, “lunar node”)
      - ⇒ Old Persian: *Gāuciθrah (see there for further descendants)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Alanic: τζηρθε (tzērthe)
  - Ossetian:
    Digor Ossetian: цирт (cirt)
    Iron Ossetian: цырт (cyrt)
    → Svan: ჩირთ (čirt)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: څېر (cer)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
  - Old Mazanderani: چیر (čēr ~ čīr)
    - Mazanderani: چیر (čīr, “face”) (poetic)
  - Parthian: (/⁠čihr⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫏𐫍𐫡 (cyhr)
    
    Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭔𐭉𐭇𐭓 (šyhr)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎨𐎡𐏂 (c-i-ç /⁠čiçaʰ⁠/)
→ Old Persian: *ciθrah
- Middle Persian: (/⁠čihr⁠/)
  Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫏𐫍𐫡 (cyhr)
  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (cyhl)
  - Classical Persian: چهر (cihr)

References

^ Cheung, Johnny (2002), Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 39
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Asatrian, Garnik (2011), A Comparative Vocabulary of Central Iranian Dialects‎^[1] (in Persian), Tehran: Safir Ardehal Publications, page 101
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “cargˈand”, in J. Elfenbein, David Neil MacKenzie, Nicholas Sims-Williams, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2002), Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 39

[Asatrian-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Asatrian, Garnik (2011), A Comparative Vocabulary of Central Iranian Dialects‎^[1] (in Persian), Tehran: Safir Ardehal Publications, page 101

[3] Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “cargˈand”, in J. Elfenbein, David Neil MacKenzie, Nicholas Sims-Williams, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN

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