Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/wáȷ́ras

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, to be lively”).

Adjective

*wáȷ́ras

strong, hard

Noun

*wáȷ́ras m

a mace, club or any such weapon

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wáȷ́ras	*wáȷ́rā(w)	*wáȷ́rās(as)
vocative	*wáȷ́ra	*wáȷ́rā(w)	*wáȷ́rās(as)
accusative	*wáȷ́ram	*wáȷ́rā(w)	*wáȷ́rāns
instrumental	*wáȷ́raH	*wáȷ́raybʰyā(m)	*wáȷ́rāyš
ablative	*wáȷ́rāt	*wáȷ́raybʰyā(m)	*wáȷ́raybʰyas
dative	*wáȷ́rāy	*wáȷ́raybʰyā(m)	*wáȷ́raybʰyas
genitive	*wáȷ́rasya	*wáȷ́rayās	*wáȷ́rānaHam
locative	*wáȷ́ray	*wáȷ́rayaw	*wáȷ́rayšu

Derived terms

*wáȷ́rakas (“strong; endowed with strength”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáȷ́rakas
  - Sanskrit: वज्रक (vájraka, “diamond”)
- Proto-Iranian: *wájrakah
  - Old Median: *vazr̥kah
    - → Old Persian: 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 (vazr̥kaʰ)
      - Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭰𐭥𐭫𐭢 (wcwlg /⁠wuzurg⁠/)
        Classical Persian: بزرگ (buzurg, “large, big, great”)
        Tajik: бузург (buzurg)
        
        → Alviri-Vidari: بزرگ
        
        → Urdu: بزرگ (buzurg, “elderly”)
        
        → Hindi: बुज़ुर्ग (buzurg, “elderly”)
        → English: buzurg (“an elder”)
        
        → Old Armenian: վզուրկ (vzurk)
  - Parthian: 𐫇𐫉𐫡𐫃 (wzrg /⁠wuzurg⁠/)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáȷ́ras
- Sanskrit: वज्र (vájra, “hard; the mace of Indra; thunderbolt; diamond”)
  - → Bengali: বজ্র (bojro)
  - → English: vajra
  - → Hindi: वज्र (vajra), बज्र (bajra)
  - → Malay: bajra
  - → Telugu: వజ్రం (vajraṁ)
  - → Kannada: ವಜ್ರ (vajra)
  - → Tamil: வச்சிரம் (vacciram)
- Middle Indo-Aryan:^[1]
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀯𑀇𑀭 (vaïra), 𑀯𑁂𑀭 (vera)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀚 (vajja)
  - Pali: vajira
Proto-Iranian: *wajrah
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬀 (vazra, “the mace of Mithra”)
  - → Middle Persian: wzl (wazr, “mace”), wlz (warz)
    - Classical Persian: گرز (gurz)
      - Dari: گرز (gurz)
      - Iranian Persian: گرز (gorz)
      - Tajik: гурз (gurz)
      - → Armenian: գուրզ (gurz)
      - → Turkish: gürz
    - → Old Armenian: վարզ (varz)
→ Proto-Uralic: *waśara^[2]
- Proto-Finnic: *vasara (“hammer”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Samic: *veačērē (“hammer”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Mordvinic: *uźəŕə
  - Erzya: узере (uzere, “axe”)
  - Moksha: узерь (uzeŕ, “axe”)

References

^ Pischel, Richard; Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957), Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages‎^[1], Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass
^ Joki, Aulis J. (1973), Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN

[1] Pischel, Richard; Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957), Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages‎^[1], Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass

[2] Joki, Aulis J. (1973), Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN

[1]

[2]