Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/HástʰH

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).

Noun

*HástʰH n

(anatomy) bone

Inflection

neuter consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*HástʰH	*HástʰHiH	*HástʰHi
vocative	*HástʰH	*HástʰHiH	*HástʰHi
accusative	*HástʰH	*HástʰHiH	*HástʰHi
instrumental	*HástʰHaH	*HástʰHbʰyā(m)	*HástʰHbʰiš
ablative	*HástʰHs	*HástʰHbʰyā(m)	*HástʰHbʰyaH
dative	*HástʰHay	*HástʰHbʰyā(m)	*HástʰHbʰyaH
genitive	*HástʰHs	*HástʰHHās	*HástʰHaHam
locative	*HástʰH(i)	*HástʰHHaw	*HástʰHsu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástʰH
- Sanskrit: अस्थि॑ (ásthi)
  - Dardic:
    - Kalasha: aṭhí
    - Khowar: استی (astī)
  - Pali: अत्थि (atthi)
  - Prakrit: अत्थि (atthi)
Proto-Iranian: *HástH
- Central Iranian:
  - Avestan:
    Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬍𐬝 n sg (as-cīt̰, nom.), 𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬆𐬠𐬍𐬱 n pl (azd^əbīš, instr.)
    Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬀 n sg (as-ca, nom.), 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 n pl (asti, nom.), 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬄𐬨 (astąm), 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬋 n pl (astō, gen.), 𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬠𐬍𐬱 n pl (azdⁱbīš, instr.)
    Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬋 (astō)
- Southeastern Iranian:
  - >? Pashto: هډ (haḍ, “bone, fruit stone”)
- Northwestern Iranian:
  - Gilaki: خش (xaš)
- Southwestern Iranian:
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠ast⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫤 (ʾst)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾst')
    Pazend script: 𐬀𐬯𐬙 (ast)
    - Classical Persian: است (ast)
      Dari: است (ast)
      Iranian Persian: است (ast)
      Tajik: аст (ast)
    - Lurish:
      Bakhtiari: خٱس (xas)
      Southern Luri: هٱس (has)