Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ćŕ̥Has

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱŕ̥h₂-os ~ ḱŕ̥h₂-es-, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, top; horn”).

Noun

*ćŕ̥Has n^[1]

head, top

Inflection

neuter as-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ćŕ̥Has	*ćŕ̥HasiH	*ćŕ̥Hās
vocative	*ćŕ̥Has	*ćŕ̥HasiH	*ćŕ̥Hās
accusative	*ćŕ̥Has	*ćŕ̥HasiH	*ćŕ̥Hās
instrumental	*ćŕ̥HasaH	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰyā(m)	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰiš
ablative	*ćŕ̥Hasas	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰyā(m)	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰyas
dative	*ćŕ̥Hasay	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰyā(m)	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰyas
genitive	*ćŕ̥Hasas	*ćŕ̥HasHās	*ćŕ̥HasaHam
locative	*ćŕ̥Hasi	*ćŕ̥HasHaw	*ćŕ̥Hasu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śŕ̥Has
- Sanskrit: शिरस् (śíras) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Iranian: *cŕ̥Hah^[2]
- Central Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬭𐬀 (sāra)
- Northeastern Iranian:
  - Ossetian: сӕр (sær)
  - Sogdian: [script needed] (sr-)
- Northwestern Iranian:
  - Kurdish:
    Central Kurdish: سەر (ser, “head”)
    
    Northern Kurdish: ser (“head”)
  - Parachi: sȫr
  - Parthian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡 (sr /⁠sar⁠/)
    
    Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭓𐭉𐭔𐭀 (RYŠʾ /⁠sar⁠/)
- Southwestern Iranian:
  - Middle Persian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡 (sr /⁠sar⁠/)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (sl /⁠sar⁠/)
    
    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭫𐭥𐭩𐭱𐭤 (LOYŠE /⁠sar⁠/)
    - Persian: سر (sar) (see there for further descendants)
- → Old Armenian: կախարդա-սար (kaxarda-sar), սաղ-աւարտ (sał-awart) (both wholly-borrowed from Iranian)
Proto-Nuristani: *ċarⁱas- (see there for further descendants)^[3]

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “śíras-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Čong (Cheung), Dž. (2009), T. K. Salbijeva, transl., Očerki istoričeskovo razvitija osetinskovo vokalizma [Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism] (in Russian), Vladikavkaz: Izdatelʹsko-poligrafičeskoje predprijatije im. V. Gassijeva, →ISBN, pages 78, 314
^ Halfmann, Jakob (2025). The Diversification of Indo-Iranian and the Position of the Nuristani Languages. Wiesbaden: Reichert.

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “śíras-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[Cheung-2] Čong (Cheung), Dž. (2009), T. K. Salbijeva, transl., Očerki istoričeskovo razvitija osetinskovo vokalizma [Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism] (in Russian), Vladikavkaz: Izdatelʹsko-poligrafičeskoje predprijatije im. V. Gassijeva, →ISBN, pages 78, 314

[3] Halfmann, Jakob (2025). The Diversification of Indo-Iranian and the Position of the Nuristani Languages. Wiesbaden: Reichert.

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