Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/widét
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root aorist of *weyd- (“to see”).
Verb
*widét (perfective)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
Alternative reconstructions
- *wéydt ~ *widént[16]
Conjugation
| Perfective, thematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *widét | |||
| 3rd plural | *widónt | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *widóm | — | *widṓh₂ | *widóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *widés | *widé | *widḗsi | *widóys |
| 3rd singular | *widét | *widétu | *widḗti | *widóyt |
| 1st dual | *widówe | — | *widṓwos | *widóywe |
| 2nd dual | *widétom | *widétom | *widḗtes | *widóytom |
| 3rd dual | *widétām | *widétām | *widḗtes | *widóytām |
| 1st plural | *widóme | — | *widṓmos | *widóyme |
| 2nd plural | *widéte | *widéte | *widḗte | *widóyte |
| 3rd plural | *widónt | *widóntu | *widṓnti | *widóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *widónts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *widóh₂e | — | *widṓh₂er | *widóyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *widéth₂e | *widéso | *widḗth₂er | *widóyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *widéto | *? | *widḗtor | *widóyto, *widóyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *widówedʰh₂ | — | *widṓwosdʰh₂ | *widóywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *widómedʰh₂ | — | *widṓmosdʰh₂ | *widóymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *widédʰh₂we | *widédʰh₂we | *widḗdʰh₂we | *widóydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *widónto | *? | *widṓntor | *widóyro |
| Participle | *widómnos | |||
Reconstruction notes
Alternatively, it has been proposed that these terms are secondary developments that emerged from an athematic aorist.[17]
Descendants
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: եգիտ (egit, “found”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: εἶδον (eîdon, “to see, behold, percieve”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwidat
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwidat
- Sanskrit: अविदत् (ávidat)
- Proto-Iranian: *Háwidat
- Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬝 (vīdat̰)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwidat
References
- ^ Kapović, Mate, editor (2017), The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 97: “*wid-e-t”
- ^ Villanueva Svensson, Miguel (2021), “The origin of the Indo-European simple thematic presents: The nominal connection”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 9, number 1, , →ISSN, page 265 of 264–292: “*u̯id-é/ó- ‘saw’ > Ved. ávidat, Gk. εἶδον, Arm. egit”
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 494: “*ewidom 'I found'”
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2013), “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship[1], number 10, page 90
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), A Grammatical Sketch of Classical Armenian[2], Zagreb, page 19: “PIE *(e)widet 'he saw'”
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2003), “Historical phonology of Classical Armenian”, in Frederik Kortlandt, Armeniaca: comparative notes, Ann Arbor: Caravan Books, page 186 of 133–211: “*H₁e-uid-et”
- ^ Jasanoff, Jay H. (9 August 2022), “Double nasal presents”, in Indo-European Linguistics[3], volume 10, number 1, Brill, , →ISSN, page 103: “egit (< thematic aor. *u̯id-é-t)”
- ^ Kazuhiko Yoshida (2022), “On the Origin of the Indo-European Thematic Present”, in GENGO KENKYU (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan)[4], volume 162, , page 131: “(é)-u̯id-e 'noticed'”
- ^ Kim, Ronald I. (2002), “The continuation of Proto-Indo-European lexical accent in Ancient Greek: Preservation and Reanalysis”, in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics[5], page 71: “é-wid-et”
- ^ Grestenberger, Lauren (2022), “Ved. -anta, Gk. -οντο, and the thematic aorist in Vedic and Greek”, in Scharf, Peter M., editor, शब्दानुगमः: Indian linguistic studies in honor of George Cardona, volume 2, The Sanskrit Library, page 116: “We have already seen that there is fairly widespread consensus that both Indo-Iranian and Greek inherited an active thematic aorist *ṷid-é-t”
- ^ Jasanoff, Jay H. (2012), “PIE *u̯eid- ‘Notice’ and the Origin of the Thematic Aorist”, in Løye Hejl, Christina, Janus Bahs Jacquet, Marie Heide, editors, Etymology and the European Lexicon: 14th Fachtagung of the Indogermanische Gesellschaft (Roots of Europe, Language, Culture, and Migrations)[6], Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, page *ṷid-é/ó
- ^ Jasanoff, Jay H. (18 September 2018), “*weid- ‘notice’ and the PIE Thematic Aorist”, in Etymology and the European Lexicon (14th Fachtagung of the Indogermanische Gesellschaft)[7], page 55: “The thematic aorist, classically exemplified by the triply attested PIE *wid-é/ó- ‘notice, see’ (cf. Gk. ἔ(ϝ)ιδε = Ved. ávidat = Arm. egit), was clearly a PIE formation.”
- ^ Macak, Martin (2017–2018), “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1069: “é-ṷid-e-t”
- ^ Pooth, Roland (26 December 2014), The Proto-Indo-European aspect system[8], page 12: “This form is reflected as the IE thematic aorist *u̯idó/é-, e.g. Vedic ávidat.”
- ^ Willi, Andreas (2018), Origins of the Greek Verb, Cambridge University Press, page 349: “*h₁é-ṷid-e-t 'saw'”
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 665-667: “*u̯éi̯d-/u̯id-”
- ^ Dahl, Eystein (15 February 2026), Polymorphic Thematic Root Presents in Vedic and the Origin of the Thematic Conjugation 1[9], page 58: “The older literature mostly seems to accept that there is one thematic aorist that may reasonably be assumed for PIE, namely gr. ἔϝιδε = ved. ávidat = arm. egit, which would yield PIE *é-wide-(t). Today, the forms are regarded as secondarily evolved from an athematic aorist”
Further reading
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “εἴδομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 379: “there is the thematic aorist ἰδεῖν and the perfect οἶδα, both of which are old.”
- Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “*git-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 216: “Skt. aor. ávidat (= e-git ‘he found’)”