Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werbʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*werbʰ-

to enclose
Synonym: *gʰerdʰ-

Reconstruction notes

Adams also connects Lithuanian vir̃bas (“rod”), Latin verber (“lash, rod”), and Gothic wairpan (“to throw”).^[1] However, all of these term have alternative explanations for their etymology.^[2]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *werbʰ- (2 c, 0 e)

*wórbʰ-is (“enclosure”)^[3]
- Proto-Italic: *worβis
*worbʰ-os^[2]^[4]^[5]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (ṷarpa-, “enclosure”)
- Proto-Tocharian:^[1]
  - Tocharian A: warp (“enclosure”)
  - Tocharian B: wārpā (“enclosure”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: wärp-
- Tocharian B: wārp- (“to surround”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “wārp-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 637
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ṷarpa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 966-967: “PIE *ṷorbʰ-o-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “urbs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 643: “PIE *u(o)rbʰ-(i)- 'enclosure'”
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*ṷorPo-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 199
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 357: “(i.e. Hit warpa ‘enclosures’)- Tocharian (Toch A warp ‘enclosure’) isogloss gives us *worPo- (where the -P- indicates any bilabial, i.e. *b, *bh, or *p)”

[Adams-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “wārp-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 637

[HIL-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ṷarpa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 966-967: “PIE *ṷorbʰ-o-”

[EDL-3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “urbs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 643: “PIE *u(o)rbʰ-(i)- 'enclosure'”

[EIEC-4] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*ṷorPo-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 199

[5] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 357: “(i.e. Hit warpa ‘enclosures’)- Tocharian (Toch A warp ‘enclosure’) isogloss gives us *worPo- (where the -P- indicates any bilabial, i.e. *b, *bh, or *p)”

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