Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/terkʷ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*terkʷ-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

to turn, spin

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *terkʷ- (10 c, 0 e)

*térkʷ-ti ~ *tr̥kʷ-én-ti (athematic root present)^[5]
- Proto-Anatolian: *tarʔʷtˢi^[3]
  - Hittite: 𒋻𒌑𒍣 (tar-ú-zi, “to dance”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *tärk-^[1]
  - Tocharian B: tärk- (“to turn; work”)
*torkʷ-éye-ti (causative)^[5]
- Proto-Italic: *torkʷeō^[2]
  - Latin: torqueō
*te-tórkʷ-e ~ *tr̥kʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)^[5]
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: tetarku
*térkʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)^[5]
- Proto-Albanian: *terka (< *terk-e-ti)
  - Albanian: tjerr
*térkʷ-os^[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *þwerhaz (“crossed”) (< *twerk-os)
*terkʷ-ús^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tarkúš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarkúṣ
    - Sanskrit: तर्कु (tarkú, “spindle”)
*tŕ̥kʷ-os
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *tъ̑rkъ (“sudden motion”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tъrčiti, *tъrčati
*tórkʷ-mn̥-teh₂^[2]
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: tormentum
*tоrkʷ-ós
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *tȏrkъ (“ride”)
*tórkʷ-tom^[2]
- Proto-Italic: *torkʷtom
  - Latin: tortum

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:^[6] (possibly)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀫𐀤𐀍𐀕𐀜 (to-ro-qe-jo-me-no /⁠trokʷeiomenos⁠/, “?”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tark- (“to move to and fro”)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: तर्क् (tark-, “to turn”)
- Proto-Iranian: *tark-
  - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *fratark- (+ *fra- (“forth”))
    - Khotanese: hataljs (“to flutter”)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: tark (“earring”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “²tärk”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 294-295
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “torqueō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 624
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “tar(k)u-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 842-844
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þwerha-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 556
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*terkʷ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 635
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἄτρακτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164

[Adams_1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “²tärk”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 294-295

[De_vaan_1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “torqueō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 624

[Kloekhorst_1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “tar(k)u-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 842-844

[Kroonen_1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þwerha-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 556

[Rix_1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*terkʷ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 635

[Beekes_1-6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἄτρακτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164

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