Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/spend-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)pend-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*spend- (imperfective)^[1]

to libate

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *spend- (6 c, 0 e)

*spénd-ti ~ *spn̥d-énti (athematic root present)^[2]^[3]^[4]
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒅖𒉺𒀀𒀭𒋾 (iš-pa-a-an-ti /⁠išpānti⁠/)
- Proto-Hellenic: *spéndō
  - Ancient Greek: σπένδω (spéndō)
- >? Proto-Italic: *spendō
  - >? Oscan: spentud (3sg.imp.II) (or from a thematic root present)^[5]^[6]
*spḗnd-s-t ~ * spénd-s-n̥t (aorist)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔσπεισᾰ (éspeisă)
    Epic Greek: σπεῖσᾰ (speîsă)
- Proto-Italic: *sponssai
  - Latin: spōnsīs (perf.subj.)
*spe-spónd-e ~ *spe-spn̥d-ḗr (stative)
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒅆𒉺𒀀𒀭𒋾 (ši-pa-a-an-ti /⁠šipānti⁠/)
- Italic: *spespondai
  - Latin: spepondī, spopondī
*spond-éye-ti (causative)^[4]
- Proto-Italic: *spondeō
?*spn̥d-éh₁ye-ti^[7]
- Proto-Tocharian: *spänt-
  - Tocharian B: späntetär
*spónd-o-^[8]
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: spantai
*spond-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *spondā́
  - Ancient Greek: σπονδή (spondḗ)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *spend-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 577-578
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “išpānt-ⁱ / išpant-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 404-407
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σπένδω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1380-1381
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “spondeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 582
^ Leppänen, Ville (2018-05-17) Ablaut and the Latin verb (Thesis)‎^[1], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, page 56
^ Villanueva Svensson, Miguel (2021), “The origin of the Indo-European simple thematic presents: The nominal connection”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 9, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 270 of 264–292
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “spänt-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “spantai”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *spend-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 577-578

[2] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “išpānt-ⁱ / išpant-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 404-407

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σπένδω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1380-1381

[DV-4] 4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “spondeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 582

[5] Leppänen, Ville (2018-05-17) Ablaut and the Latin verb (Thesis)‎^[1], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, page 56

[6] Villanueva Svensson, Miguel (2021), “The origin of the Indo-European simple thematic presents: The nominal connection”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 9, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 270 of 264–292

[7] Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “spänt-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN

[8] Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “spantai”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN

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