Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/seh₁-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/seh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root 1

*seh₁- (perfective)^[1]^[2]

to impress, insert
to sow, to plant

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *seh₁- (sow) (34 c, 0 e)

*seh₁y-tom^[3]^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *séiˀta
  - Latgalian: sīts
  - Latvian: siêts
  - Lithuanian: si̇́etas
  - Proto-Slavic: *sìto (see there for further descendants)
*séh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)^[5]^[6]^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀtei
  - Latgalian: sēt
  - Latvian: sēt
  - Lithuanian: sė́ti
  - Proto-Slavic: *sě̀ti, *sě̀jati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sēaną (see there for further descendants)
*si-sh₁-é-ti (reduplicated present)^[8]
- Proto-Italic: *sizō
  - Latin: serō
*séh₁-mn̥ (“seed”)
*séh₁-tis^[9]
- Proto-Germanic: *sēdiz (see there for further descendants)
*seh₁-tlóm^[10]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: sēkla
  - Lithuanian: sė́kla
- Proto-Celtic: *sītlom (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sēdlą (see there for further descendants)
*sh₁-tós
- (innovative) Proto-Germanic: *sēdą^[11]
  - Proto-West Germanic: *sād
    - Old English: sǣd, sēd — Anglian
      - Middle English: seed
        English: seed
        Scots: seed, seid, sid
        Yola: zeade
    - Old Frisian: sēd
      - North Frisian:
        Föhr-Amrum: siad
        Halligen: seed
        Heligoland: sead
        Mooring: sädj
        Sylt: Siid
        Wiedingharde: säid
      - Saterland Frisian: Säid
      - West Frisian: sied
    - Old Saxon: sād
      - Middle Low German: sât
        German Low German: Saad
        Plautdietsch: Sot
    - Old Dutch: *sād
      - Middle Dutch: sâet
        Dutch: zaad
        Afrikaans: saad
        Limburgish: zaod
        ⇒ Zealandic: zaedje
  - Old Norse: sáð
    - Icelandic: sáð
    - Faroese: sáð
    - Norwegian: sæd
    - Old Swedish: sǣþ
      - Swedish: säd
    - Old Danish:
      - Danish: sæd
    - Gutnish: sid
- Italic:
  - Latin: satus
*sh₁es ~ *sh₁s-o-s (“sowing”)^[12]^[13]
- ⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *(s)h₁es- (reanalyzed root)

Unsorted formations

Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒄑𒍣 (ši-i-ez-zi, “press in, sow”)
Proto-Celtic: *sīlom (“seed”)^[14]
- Old Irish: síl (see there for further descendants)
- Middle Welsh: hil
  - Welsh: hil
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáHyakas
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáHyakas
  - Sanskrit: सायक (sā́yaka, “intended or fitted to be discharged or hurled”)

Root 2

*seh₁-^[15]^[16]^[17]

long, lasting

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *seh₁- (long) (10 c, 0 e)

*seh₁-ros^[15]^[16]
- Proto-Italic: *sēros
  - Latin: sērus (“belated, slow”)
    - ⇒ Latin: sērius^[18] (possibly)
- Proto-Celtic: *sīros (“long”)
*seh₁-tos^[19]
- Proto-Italic: *sētos (possibly)
  - Latin: *sētus
    - ⇒ Latin: sētius (“later, to a lesser degree”)
*seh₁-yos^[17]
- Proto-Celtic: *sīyos (“longer”)
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Old Welsh:
      - Welsh: hwy
  - Old Irish: sía
*sh₁ey- (i-present)
- *sh₁ey-tus^[16]
  - Proto-Germanic: *sīþuz (“late”)
- *sh₁i-tos^[19]^[20] (possibly)
  - Proto-Germanic: *sīdaz (“long”)
- *sh₁i-tis^[19]^[20]
  - Proto-Celtic: *siti- (possibly)
    - Proto-Brythonic:
      - Old Breton: hit
      - Old Welsh: hit
        Middle Welsh: hyt
    - Old Irish: sith-
- *sh₁i-tro-s^[21]
  - Proto-Celtic: *sitros
    - Proto-Brythonic: *hɨdr
      - Middle Breton: hezr
        Breton: her
      - Middle Welsh: hydyr
        Welsh: hydr
    - Irish: seathar (“strong”) (hapax in O'Clery's glossary)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *sīniti (“to stretch, extend”)^[17]
- Old Irish:
  - Middle Irish: sínid
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: साय (sāyá, “evening”)^[17]

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sē(i)- : səi- : sī-; sē- : sə- und sei- : si-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 889-890
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*seh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 517-518
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sìto”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451: “BSl. *séʔito”
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “sietas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397: “BSL *séʔito”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sě̀ti I; *sě̀jati I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 447-448
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “sėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 134
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “serō, -ere 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 557
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sēdi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sēdla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sēda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
^ Eichner, Heiner (1982), “Zur hethitischen Etymologie (1. ištark- und ištarnink-; 2. ark-; 3. šešd-)”, in E. Neu, editor, Investigationes philologicae et comparativae: Gedenkschrift für Heinz Kronasser, Wiesbaden
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sasyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 323
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sīlo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 336
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sērus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 558
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sīþu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 437
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 ^17.3 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sīro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 337
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sērius”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 556
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sētius”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 559
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sīda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 435
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 155

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sē(i)- : səi- : sī-; sē- : sə- und sei- : si-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 889-890

[LIV-2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*seh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 517-518

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sìto”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451: “BSl. *séʔito”

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015), “sietas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397: “BSL *séʔito”

[5] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sě̀ti I; *sě̀jati I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 447-448

[6] Derksen, Rick (2015), “sėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395

[7] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 134

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “serō, -ere 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 557

[9] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sēdi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430

[10] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sēdla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430

[11] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sēda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429

[Eichner-12] Eichner, Heiner (1982), “Zur hethitischen Etymologie (1. ištark- und ištarnink-; 2. ark-; 3. šešd-)”, in E. Neu, editor, Investigationes philologicae et comparativae: Gedenkschrift für Heinz Kronasser, Wiesbaden

[EDPC-13] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sasyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 323

[14] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sīlo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 336

[De_vaan_1-15] 15.0 ^15.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sērus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 558

[Kroonen_1-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sīþu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 437

[Matasovich_1-17] 17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 ^17.3 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sīro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 337

[De_vaan_2-18] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sērius”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 556

[De_vaan_3-19] 19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sētius”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 559

[Kroonen_2-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sīda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 435

[21] Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 155

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